THE ORIGINS OF MASS TOURISM

In the late eighteenth century, sea water gained a reputation for its medicinal properties and as a result many British coastal fishing villages were transformed into fashionable resorts. Brighton and Weymouth both became popular with genteel holidaymakers after George III paid them a visit to try and cure the fits of madness from which he suffered. The earliest organisation of anything that we would recognize today as tourism started in the mid-nineteenth century. Thomas Cook is historically credited with organizing the first ever tourist excursion in 1841 when he sold tickets for a train ride from Leicester to Loughborough as a means of promoting the Temperance cause. Methodist missionary Henry Lunn pioneered the skiing holiday just a few years later.

It was the Industrial Revolution that really began to open up tourism to the working classes. As a result of the widespread social and technological reforms a new middle class grew up, whose increased prosperity meant that they could afford to travel. The Bank Holiday Act of Parliament in 1871, creating four annual public holidays and the Factory Act of 1901, which gave the first ever paid annual holiday allowance of six days, provided the necessary legislation to give the working British public leisure time at no financial loss.

The new railways provided cheap travel to seaside resorts such as Scarborough and Blackpool. Public holidays would see a mass exodus from the large cities of Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds to the coast for people to be entertained at fun-fairs and shows catering to the tastes of the working man.

People were also becoming aware of a world outside their own direct experience. Soldiers travelling to foreign countries saw opportunities and wanted to return in peacetime. The colonial era brought India, Australia, Africa and other parts of the world into the spotlight of the European colonial powers. The advent of photography provided visual evidence of the existence of the exotic and began to stir interest among the more adventurous to see sights for themselves. The Taj Mahal, the Pyramids and the Sphinx and the Statue of Liberty are all examples of famous tourist attractions which we travel to see in real life because we've seen pictures of them.

In only a century the holiday has changed beyond recognition. In 1890 a typical family holiday would be a day trip to the nearest seaside town. Armed with bucket and spade and a picnic, the family would take advantage of the half-a-crown cheap-day excursions offered by the private companies who ran the new railway network. The 1990s family, however, is far more likely to take a two-week package tour to the Mediterranean, where the whole holiday will be paid for before leaving home and one can enjoy the guaranteed sunshine.

The Good Tourist', Wood, K. and House, S. (Mandarin) 1992

1. Ответьте на вопросы. Выберите правильную букву А, В или С как ответ на вопрос:

1. Why are the two men’s names prominent?

1. 
   Thomas Cook and Henry Lunn were friends
   
2. 
   Thomas Cook pioneered the skiing holiday, Henry Lunn organized the first ever tourist excursion
   
3. 
   Thomas Cook is known as an organizer of the first ever tourist excursion, Henry Lunn pioneered the skiing holiday
   

2. Why is it possible to say that tourism started in the mid-nineteenth century?

A. The beginning of the tourism in the mid-nineteenth century is connected with the names of Thomas Cook and Henry Lunn (1841, 1845)

B. Tourism started in the mid-nineteenth century because Brighton and Weymouth became popular with holidaymakers

C. Tourism started in the mid-nineteenth century because of British coastal villages

3. What was the most important benefit as the consequence of the two Parliament Acts of 1871, 1901?

A. The two Parliament Acts of 1871 and 1901 increased people’s prosperity.

B. The two Parliament Acts put the beginning to annual first ever paid Public Holidays

C. The two Parliament Acts of 1871, 1901 were the result of a mass exodus from large cities
2. Согласуются ли следующие положения с информацией в прочитанных абзацах. Правильно укажите букву нужного ответа А,В или С.

(абзац 2)

А. The October Revolution began to open up tourism to working class

B. The October Revolution began to open up tourism to rich people

C. It was the industrial revolution that began to open up tourism to working class

(абзац 3)

1. 
   It was very expensive to go by new railways
   
2. 
   The new railways provided cheap travel
   
3. 
   The new horse riding ways provided cheap travel
   

(абзац 5)

А. In 1890 a typical family holiday could take a two-week tour

B. In 1890 a typical family holiday would be a daytrip to London

C. In 1890 a typical family holiday would be a day trip to the nearest seaside town
3. Укажите, в какой последовательности должны идти предложенный Вам части текста

А. Methodist missionary Henry Lunn

B. British fishing villages were transformed into resorts

C. Soldiers wanted to return in peacetime
4. Подберите информацию, являющуюся альтернативой к данному утверждению:

In only a century the holiday has changed beyond recognition.

1. 
   The holiday has changed in half a century
   

B. The holiday has remained as it existed before

C. In only a century holiday makers did want to make trips.
5. Выберите правильный заголовок для каждого абзаца текста из списка заголовков, приведенных ниже:

№ 1

A. George III and tourism

B. Henry Lunn and holidays

C. How tourism started

№ 2

A. Acts of Parliament

2. 
   Middle class is growing up
   
3. 
   Tourism after the Industrial Revolution
   

№ 3

1. 
   World outside
   
2. 
   Opportunities of tourism
   
3. 
   Examples of tourist attractions
   

6. 
   Верны ли следующие утверждения согласно тексту:
   

1. 
   Brighton and Weymouth both became popular with genteel holidaymakers after George III banned other resorts.
   
2. 
   Act of Parliament of 1901 gave the first ever paid annual holiday allowance of six days
   
3. 
   The Taj Mahal, the Pyramids and the Sphinx and the Statue of Liberty are all examples of famous tourist attractions which we travel to see in real life because we've heard a lot about them, but have never seen them.
   
4. 
   In a century the image of a standard holiday hasn’t changed at all.
   
5. 
   Soldiers travelling to foreign countries wanted to take as many photos as it was possible.
   

7. Ответьте на вопросы (выберите ответы A,B или C)

1.What for were many coastal fishing villages famous for?

1. 
   They were famous for outstanding people living there
   
2. 
   They were famous for the resorts
   
3. 
   They were famous for great battles, which took part on these territories
   

2.Why is Thomas Cook so famous in tourism?

1. 
   He created the first tourist bulletin
   
2. 
   He created the first advertisement
   
3. 
   He organized the first tourist excursion
   

3.What benefits did Industrial revolution bring to the working class?

1. 
   Appearance of cars
   
2. 
   Appearance of tourism
   
3. 
   Appearance of medical remedies
   

8. Какой части текста соответствует следующая информация?

Appearance of new railways

9. Определите основную идею текста

1. 
   Alteration of tourism concept
   
2. 
   Appearance of new technologies
   
3. 
   Results of Industrial Revolution
   

TOURISM DEFINED

In 1937 the League of Nations recommended a definition be adopted of a "tourist" as one who travels for a period of 24 hours or more in a country other than that in which he usually resides. This was held to include persons travelling for pleasure, domestic reasons or health, persons travelling to meetings or on business, and persons visiting a country on a cruise vessel (even if for less than 24 hours). The principal weakness here is that it ignores the movement of domestic tourists. Later the United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism» held in Rome in 1963, considered recommendations put forward by the WTO (now the World Tourism Organisation) and agreed to the term "visitors" to describe "any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation, remunerated from within the country visited".

This definition was to cover two classes of visitors:

(a) Tourists, who were classed as temporary visitors staying at least 21 hours, whose purpose could be classified as leisure (whether for recreation, health, sport, holiday, study or religion), or business, family, mission or meeting;

(b) Excursionists, who were classed as temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours, including cruise travellers but excluding travellers in transit.

Once again the definition becomes overly restrictive in failing to take domestic tourism into account. The inclusion of "study" in this definition is an interesting one since it is often excluded in later definitions, as are courses of education.

A working party for the proposed Institute of Tourism in Britain (now the Tourism Society) attempted to clarify the concept and reported in 1976: 'Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and activities during their stay at these destinations; it includes movement for all purposes, as well as day visits or excursions.

This broader definition was reformulated slightly without losing any of its simplicity at the International Conference on Leisure-Recreation-Tourism, held by the AIEST and the Tourism Society in Cardiff in 1981: “Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. Tourism may or may not involve overnight stays away from home."

The above definitions have been quoted at length because they reveal how broadly the concept of tourism must be defined in order to embrace all forms of the phenomenon. Indeed, the final definition could be criticised on the grounds that unless the activities involved are more dearly specified, it could be applied equally to burglary or any of a hundred other activities! Here, no guidance on the particular activities is offered, nor does it get its any nearer the solution as to how far away a tourist must travel from his home base before he can be termed as such.

Conceptually, then, to define tourism precisely is a difficult if not impossible task. To produce a technical definition for statistical purposes is less problematic. As long as it is clear what the data comprises, and one compares like with like, whether inter-regionally or internationally, we can leave the conceptual discussion to academics. With the advent of twentieth century mass tourism, perhaps the most accurate definition of a tourist is "someone who travels to see something different, and then complains when he finds things are not the same"!
1. Какая информация объясняет абзац № 3 и весь текст. Правильно укажите букву А, В или С:

А. Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places they live

B. Tourism includes day visits or excursions

C. Tourism is a particular activity undertaken outside the home environment
2. Подберите информацию, являющуюся альтернативой к данному утверждению:

To define tourism precisely is a difficult if not an impossible thing

1. 
   It is better to leave this discussion to academics
   
2. 
   It is very easy to define tourism
   
3. 
   To define tourism means that no guidance on the particular activities is offered
   

3. Как можно использовать факты, имеющиеся в тексте. Правильно отметьте букву ответа – А, В или С

4. 
   To travel as much as possible
   
5. 
   To involve more specified activity into your life
   
6. 
   To define tourism and its features precisely
   

4. Выберите правильный заголовок для абзаца № 1 из заголовков, приведенных ниже:

7. 
   Recommendations for defining “tourism”
   
8. 
   World Tourist Organisation and its terms
   
9. 
   Reasons for travelling
   

5. 
   Ответьте на вопросы. Выберите правильно букву А, В или С как ответ на вопрос
   

1. How many official definitions of the term “tourist” are there in the text?

A – 3

B – 2

C – 5

2. What is the principal weakness of the two first definitions?

A – They comment persons travelling for pleasure

B – They don’t take domestic tourism into account

C – They consider recommendations put forward by WTO
6. Укажите, в какой последовательности должны следовать вопросы: 1, 2, 3, 4

1. What type of tourism did the organisation ignore?

2. Does the heading help you to find out the content of the text?

3. What does the tourism depend on?

4. Why did the official organisations think about the definitions of “tourism” and “tourist”?

7. 
   Найдите правильный вариант ответа:
   

What kind of definitions can there be? It is possible to give some variants:

1. 
   covering or restrictive
   
2. 
   ambitious and angry
   
3. 
   spoilt and unfair
   
4. 
   broad and short
   

8. Найдите правильные соединения глагола (слева) с существительными (справа): А или В

1. take	1. a definition	A. 1-5	B. 1-3
2. adopt	2. the concept	2-2	2-1
3. agree	3. into account	3-6	3-6
4. clarify	4. recommendations	4-1	4-7
5. comprise	5. the data	5-4	5-5
6. produce	6. to the term	6-3	6-1
7. consider	7. the concept	7-7	7-4

9. 
   Дайте эквиваленты на русском языке к (А, В или С)
   

occupation repetition accommodation destination formation

оккупация репетиция приспособление обстоятельство формула

B. 1. занятие 2. репетиция 3. аккуратность 4.место назначения 5. оформление

С. 1. занятие, должность 2. повтор 3. размещение, жилье 4. место назначения 5. образование, создание, порядок

9. 
   Верны ли следующие высказывания:
   

1. 
   Once again the definition becomes overly restrictive in failing to take domestic tourism into account.
   
2. 
   The definition was to cover two classes of visitors: tourists and tourist operators
   
3. 
   During our century the mass definition of a tourist is “someone who travels to see 45 something different, and then complains when he finds things are not the same”
   
4. 
   To define tourism precisely is a very simple task
   
5. 
   According to the definition, excursionists were classed as constant visitors staying less than 24 hours, including cruise travelers but excluding travelers in transit.
   

11. Ответьте на вопросы (выберите ответы A,B или C)

1. What is “a tourist” according to League of Nations (1937)?

1. 
   An immigrant
   
2. 
   One who travels for a period of 24 hours or more in a country other than that in which he usually resides
   
3. 
   A person who likes travelling
   

2. 
   Why is a definition suggested by the League of Nations considered to be “weak”?
   

1. 
   It ignores the movement of domestic tourists
   
2. 
   It ignores business travelling
   
3. 
   It ignores travelling for recreation
   

3. Why could the final definition, suggested by the Tourism Society in Cardiff in 1981, be criticized?

a) the author of this definition wasn’t mentioned

b) the defined activity could be applied equally to a hundred of other activities

c) the conditions of tourism weren’t mentioned
12. Какой части текста соответствует следующая информация?
Nowadays tourists are too selective

13. Определите основную идею текста

1. 
   Difficulties in “tourism defining”
   
2. 
   Misunderstanding between the League of Nation and Institute of Tourism
   
3. 
   Appearance of two classes of visitors
   

THE COMPONENTS OF TOURISM

Choose a heading for each paragraph of the text by putting a paragraph number in the appropriate box.

Heading	Paragraph number
destination amenities roles of travel agent and tour operators pressure groups definition of tourist services definition and importance of destination destination accessibility definition attractions tourism organization

A major components of tourism is location. The location of tourism is known as the tourist destination and its importance depends upon three major factors:

- attraction

- accessibility

- amenities

The attractions of a destination can be either natural, such as the climate, or human-made, such as historical buildings. Attractions can also be events such as festivals, exhibitions and of congresses. Accessibility related to the distance from centers of population, or to tourist generating regions, and to transport facilities. Time taken to get to tourist destinations is also important in relation to accessibility.

Amenities at the location include entertainment, accommodation and catering facilities, as well as local transport services. At the destination there is usually some tourist organisation which provides the framework within which tourism operates.

The journey undertaken by tourists and their stay in the destination give rise to tourist services. These include transport for passengers to the location, as well as accommodation, catering and entertainment at the destination.

In the past 25 years the growth of overseas tourism has increased the importance of two service providers, the travel agent and the tour operator. The travel agent acts as an intermediary between the tourist and the accommodation and transport providers. The main rote of the travel agent is to sell holidays, particularly package holidays or inclusive tours and travel tickets. The tour operator puts together a package of accommodation, .catering, transport and often entertainment, and sell this package, frequently via a travel to agent.

Most countries now have active public sector tourism organisations. These organizations include national and regional tourists boards or offices. At the local level these are often tourist information centres. One of the main functions of public sector tourism is to provide information.

As tourism has grown in importance at local regional, national and international level, so a number of pressure groups have become involved in tourism issues. Such pressure groups include Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, church groups and community organizations.
I. Выберите заголовок к каждой части текста из списка данных ниже заголовков. Поставьте № к соответствующей букве (А, В и С).

1. 
   destination amenities
   
2. 
   roles of travel agent and tour operator
   
3. 
   pressure groups
   
4. 
   definition of tourist services
   
5. 
   definition and importance of destination
   
6. 
   destination of accessibilities
   
7. 
   definition of attractions
   

A a-6 b-2 c-3 d-2 e-7 f-1 g-4 h-5

B e-1 g-2 f-3 a-4 d-5 b-6 h-7 c-8

C a-4 b-3 c-2 d-5 e-1 f-6 g-8 h-7

II Что связывает по смыслу термины «attractions», «amenities», «accommodations», «accessibilities» между собой? Обозначьте букву А, В или С.

А. They begin with the letter “A”

B. The topic “Tourism” connects them

C. They are nouns
III. Найдите ответ на поставленный вопрос: А,В или С

What do pressure groups exist for?

1. 
   … to provide information for press
   
2. 
   … to provide national and international level for tourism
   
3. 
   … to support tourist organizations and to prevent the environment from detraction
   

IV. Отметьте, какое утверждение, как ответ на вопрос , является верным:

А. It depends on the accessibilities of tourism

B. It depends on different important factors connected with tourism

C. It depends on the infrastructure of the host region
V. Дайте английские эквиваленты к: (А, В или С)

1. туры «все включено»

2. общественный сектор

3. место назначения

4. обеспечение питанием

5. преимущества

А 1. including tours

2. common sector

3. an appointed place

4. providing food

5. preferences

B. 1. all-inclusive

2. public sector

3. the place of destination

4. catering

5. advantages

C. 1. everything is included

2. general sector

3. the place of traveling

4. food provision

5. advantages
VI. Выберите список, где перечислены профессии сферы туризма, переведите на русский язык:

А. 1. tour operator

2. service provider

3. travel agent

4. tourist board president

5. travel company leader

B. 1. driver

2. designer

3. tour operator

4. tourist office

5. governor

4. 
   1. holiday-maker
   

2. traveler

3. coach

4. entertainment organizer

5. business manager
VII. Прочтите еще раз 1й - 2й абзацы текста. Найдите правильные ответы на поставленные вопросы:

1. 
   What word is repeated there?
   
1. 
   What is this word connected with?
   

1. A. important B. tourism C. destination

2. A. tourists B. the chosen place of traveling C. attractions
VIII. Верны ли следующие высказывания:

1. 
   Time taken to get to tourist destination is not important at all
   
2. 
   In the past 25 years the growth of overseas tourism has increased only due to travel agents
   
3. 
   The main role of travel agent is to advertise the tour destination
   
4. 
   Most countries now have active public sector tourism organizations
   
5. 
   One of the main functions of public sector tourism is to provide information
   

IX. Ответьте на следующие вопросы (выберите A, B или C)

1. 
   Attraction of a destination can be:
   

1. 
   Only human-made
   
2. 
   Only natural
   
3. 
   Either human-made or natural
   

2. 
   What are the amenities of tourism?
   

1. 
   Entertainment, accommodation
   
2. 
   Entertainment, accommodation, catering facilities, local transport services
   
3. 
   Local transport services
   

3. 
   Which sectors do public tourism organizations include?
   

1. 
   national and regional tourists boards or offices
   
2. 
   international board services
   
3. 
   regional and district board services
   

X. Какой части текста соответствует следующая информация?

Appearance of Greenpeace
XI. Определите основную идею текста

1. 
   Importance of Tour operator
   
2. 
   How the components of tourism work
   
3. 
   Influence of Greenpeace on tourism
   

PORTRAIT OF A TRAVEL COMPANY

Susie Madron owns her own travel company Susie Madron Cycling for Softies. She arranges holidays for around 3,500 people every year and employs eight people in her Manchester office, but she started in a very small way.

It began twelve years ago when my daughter had to make a one and a half mile journey to school and I bought a bike with a child's seat in order to take her there. As a result we all became keen on cycling and decided to take a family holiday with our bikes, in France. It was amazingly difficult to arrange. At the time cycling had a very hardly image. It tended to mean sleeping in tents. I wanted to go to the Loire region it proved impossible to hire with panniers or child seats, and it took five days to send your bicycle our by train.

So we settled for Normandy and had a marvellous time. It was a perfect way to spend a holiday off the beaten track. We could cycle during the day and return to comfortable accommodation and good food in the evening.

On the return ferry, the Madrons fell into conversation with other holiday-makers who made comments like, 'I wish we could have taken our bikes' or, we would love to travel independently but we don't speak French,' Susi, who does speak French, had an idea.

I decided there must be a market there, and as I was ready to look for a job of some kind, 1 thought, "Why not have a go?

We chose an area of France - a triangle including Brittany, Normandy and the Loire, then literally stuck a pin in the map and hit on a spot in Mayenne. Then I wrote to several hotels in that area, got 15 replies and visited those which seemed suitable. The one I eventually arranged а contract with was a family-owned hotel where wonderful smells from the restaurant greeted you as you walked through the door. The proprietors were interested because they had just built an extension and were looking to expand. We began that summer with about 100 customers. We met them in Paris, and transported them to the hotel, in which they were booked for the first and last nights of their holiday.

Initially the Madrons had to take out a personal bank loan. As the company grew, this was succeeded by a government-backed small business loan, until they reached the point of being self-financing.

The type and range of holidays has now expanded. Clients choose the as length and pace, always spending the first two and last nights at a base hotel, cycling to several others on a pre-arranged itinerary. Instead of concentrating solely on flights to Paris, Susie now flies them on scheduled flights to regional airports. She has contracts with hotels in nine regions in France; owns 1000 specially manufactured bicycles, and employs 30-40 seasonal staff at the base hotels, to provide assistance to clients. They are all French speaking (many of them students) and all trained in bicycle maintenance.

It is a very 'hands-on' business and extremely hard work. Susie does almost everything except bookings administration herself: planning itineraries, calculating costs, arranging insurance, designing the brochure, negotiating contracts with airlines and transfer coach companies. When I spoke to her, she was feeding flight plans into the computer

It is quite complex just to get seat allocations. Because I offer a personal service, I might not always want to bring back the same number of passengers as I took out on the same day. I'm not like a large operator, running standard two-week holidays and booking straightforward return flights. But you learn by experience how to negotiate with different airlines.

She also maintains a very personal interest in the hotels, I never use chains, only family-run ones; visit them all every year and have built up a personal relationship with all the proprietors.

1. 
   Say whether according to the text the following statements are true or false
   

1. 
   Susie Madron decided to go to France by train because she wasn’t able to buy a bicycle
   
2. 
   Susie Madron owns her sport shop where she sells equipment for bicycles
   
3. 
   “The working area” of Susie Madron is France, the UK and the Netherlands
   
4. 
   Susi Madron had to take out a personal bank loan
   
5. 
   Susie Madron has many assistants in her office
   
6. 
   In her business, Susie Madron usually uses chains
   

2. 
   Answer the questions (choose the answer A,B or C)
   

1. 
   What is Susie Madron?
   

1. 
   An owner of a travel company
   
2. 
   A professional cyclist
   
3. 
   a tourism analyst
   

2) What advantages does Susie represent to her visitors?

a) clients choose length and pace, they are given specially manufactured bicycles

b) Susie cooks clients’ favorite dishes

c) Susie presents clients books about outstanding cyclists
3) Why Susie doesn’t want to work like a large tour operator?

a) she wants to offer personal service

b) she considers it to be non-profitable

c) she doesn’t have enough money for it

3. 
   Какой части текста соответствует следующая информация?
   

The first steps of Susie Madron’s company
IV. Определите основную идею текста

1. 
   Difficulties of a tourist company
   
2. 
   Formation of a tourist company
   
3. 
   Peculiarities of cycling tourism
   

NICHE MARKETS

Customers like the opportunity to travel with people who have similar experiences. Travel agents are looking at new markets and specialised services as a way of broadening their base. To function mainly as a distribution point for airline tickets is no longer enough.

Agencies have sprung up to cater specifically for marathon runners, for customers who want to go on sober holidays away from the sight and smell of alcohol, for specialists in romance, for bee-keepers, gay people, archaeologists and for every kind of sport.

Six thousand agents were in Lisbon this week, swapping ideas at the American Society of Travel Agents World Travel Congress. One idea was marathon running.

Thorn Giliigan set up Marathon Tours and Travel in Boston. Massachusetts in 1979. He was a keen runner himself and fell he could cater for runners w ho wanted to go abroad. He has organised trips to 18 marathons around the world, including Bermuda, Venice and London. The next destination is Antarctica, where a marathon is to take place on ice.

"There are whole mountain ranges dedicated to skiiers," Mr. Gilligan says, "and whole resorts to golf. Runners have one day a year when a city is completely closed off to them."

In Britain, niche travel has weathered the recession and competition from multiple tour operators well. Sports Tours International, in Manchester, for example, is one of several UK agencies catering for marathon runners. Kevin -Steele, sales consultant, says it has already taken bookings from 300 people to attend the 100th Boston marathon in 1996.

Helen Nodiand, an American specialist in niche marketing, says: "One of the things driving the customer is the opportunity to travel with people, who have similar experiences. In Britain, Holt's Battlefield Tours caters for a growing interest in visits to former battle grounds, offering guided trips incorporating lectures from experts. Nearly 3,500 people went on tour with the Kent-based company this year, on programmes ranging from ancient civilisations to the Falklands War. "We had a thousand extra travellers this year because of D-Day. says Lieut Colonel Mike Martin, managing director.

Some companies, like Horse Racing Abroad and Motor Racing International, also based in Kent, organise trips to sporting events for thousands of British enthusiasts. Gary Howell, chief executive of Motor Racing International, says: "Our customers used to be mostly men, some of whom brought their wives or girlfriends, but over the last few years the numbers of women travelling on their own has risen to 30 per cent"

In fact, whatever the special interest, a company somewhere will organise a holiday around it. From river rafting to parasailing, from archaeology to baroque architecture, small companies have responded to demand. It is even possible to take advantage of hands-on tuition in bee-keeping in the Pyrenees.
I. Say whether according to the text the following statements are true or false

1. 
   Customers like to travel with people who haven’t visited this place before as well.
   
2. 
   Thorn Giliigan organized special marathon around Africa
   
3. 
   In Britain niche travel is not popular at all
   
4. 
   Boston Marathon is a popular destination in Niche travelling
   
5. 
   Motor racing are extremely popular among men
   

II. Answer the questions (choose the answer A,B or C)

1. What is a term “niche market”?

a) a profitable market which broaden tourist’s base

b) a non-profitable way of making holidays for bee-keepers

c) a market which is specialized on sport events
2. What is the next destination of Thorn Giliigan, owner of Marathon Tours?

a) Africa

b) Massachusetts

c) Antarctica
3.What peculiarity has Gary Howell noticed in his Horse racing business?

a) the numbers of women has risen

b) men started to bring with them their wives or girlfriends

c) women started to bet during racings
III.Какой части текста соответствует следующая информация?

Travel agents are looking at new markets as a way of broadening their base

4. 
   Определите основную идею текста
   

a)Agents race for niche markets

b) Lisbon hosts travel agent World Congress

c) Special interest holidays for you

V.Определите о каких видах спорта не шла речь в статье:

a) for bee-keepers

b) for gay people

c) for archeologists

d) for marathon runners

e) for skiers

f) for divers

g) for mountain-climbers

h) river rafting

i) parasailing
VI. Выберите эквиваленты на русском языке к словам и словосочетаниям:

A travel agent 1.место назначения

B market 2.возрастающий интерес

C customer 3.спортивные события

D the sights 4.марафон

E marathon running 5.организовать поездку

F go abroad 6.резервирование

G organise a trip 7.консультант по продажам

H destination 8.достопримечательности

I around the world 9.тур.операторы

J tour operators 10.возможность путешествовать

K sales consultant 11.речной рафтинг

L booking 12.организованные поездки

M opportunity to travel 13.агент по туризму

N growing interest 14.клиент

O guided trips 15.вокруг света

P sporting events 16.ездить за границу

Q river rafting 17.рынок
VII.Являются ли следующие утверждения (а) истинными, (в) ложными, (с) в тексте нет информации:

А. На конгрессе в Лиссабоне побывали 160 менеджеров по туризму

А В С

В.Специальный тур для любителей марафона организован в Лиссабоне

А В С

С. Следующий такой марафон будет проходить в Арктике.

А В С

D. Марафон в Бостоне посетили 300 человек

А В С

SELF-SERVICE HOLIDAY BOOKING

Thomas Cook, the travel agent, is today launching what it claims is the world's first self-service, screen-based holiday booking system.

If successful, it could allow holidaymakers to book their trips through hole-in-the-wall machines or at screens in banks of department stores. The system, called Travel Kiosk, allows customers to watch videos of their intended destination -Amsterdam's canals or children shaking hands with Mickey Mouse at EuroDisney. A Thomas Cook representative can appear live in a corner of the screen to answer questions via a videotelephone link.

By pressing an on-screen map of a city, customers can indicate which hotel they wish to stay in and receive price information. If they want to book a holiday, they press a "book it" button, insert a credit card and receive a printed confirmation and receipt.

Travel Kiosk will be tested in Thomas Cook's Marble Arch branch for four months. Travel Kiosk currently offers two holiday programmes: the EuroDisney resort outside Paris and Thomas Cook's city breaks programme.

Mr. Tony Bennett European strategic marketing and development director, said Thomas Cook would use the trial to decide how the system could best be employed. "We expect to get a much clearer understanding of how this type of advanced technology can complement the activities of our existing high street travel shops and telephone holiday booking services."

If Thomas Cook does decide to install hole-in-the-wall holiday booking machines, these could either be outside its own branches or elsewhere. The company said it had not yet begun discussions with banking or retail partners in the project, but might do so in the future.

Thomas Cook said it did not believe the machines would replace its high street shops. It plans to raise the number of retail outlets to 500 over the next two years.

However, the large travel groups have been etching the high street 55 banks plans to reduce the number of their branches. While the large travel retailers insist they intend to stay in the high street, they are also believed to be studying alternative ways of selling so holidays.
1.Расположите данные предложения в логической последовательности:

А. insert a credit card ___

B. receive a printed confirmation ___

C. press a «book it» button ___
2.Подберите эквиваленты на английском языке к следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

A турист 1. customer

B место назначения 2. representative

C клиент 3. raise the number

D курорт 4. advanced technologies

E представитель 5. price information

F видеотелефон 6. tourist

G информация о ценах 7. strategic marketing and development director

H директор по маркетингу 8. alternative way

I современные технологии 9. travel groups

J увеличить количество 10. resort

K группа туристов 11. destination

L альтернативный способ 12. videotelephone
3.Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя информацию из статьи:

A. It could allow_______ to book trips through machines.

1. managers 2.holidaimakers 3.agents

B. Thomas Cook is a __________.

1.travel agent 2. holidaymakers 3.judge

C. The machine allows customers to watch_________.

1. films 2.videos 3.photos

D. By_______ an on-screen map of a city, customers may indicate which hotel they wish to stay.

1. knocking 2. opening 3. pressing
I. Say whether according to the text the following statements are true or false

a) Travel kiosk allows customers to watch videos of their intended destinations

b) Travel Kiosk gives special brochure for visitors in order to follow it during travelling

c) Travel Kiosk is a special electronic device

d) Travel Kiosk currently offers various programs all over the world

e) Travel Kiosk is not popular among visitors

II. Answer the questions (choose the answer A,B or C)

1. 
   What is Thomas Cook famous for?
   

1. 
   He invented special bank credit which allows to travel without economic problems
   
2. 
   He launches new device, which helps to travel a lot without someone’s help
   
3. 
   He organized a trip to Disneyland
   

2. 
   What is a Travel Kiosk?
   

1. 
   A popular shop, where u can buy tickets to all destinations
   
2. 
   A screen-based holiday booking system
   
3. 
   A travel agency
   

3.Is a travel Kiosk popular among visitors?
a) yes, over 500 people use it every day

b) no, 55 banks plans to reduce the number of these Kiosks
III. Какой части текста соответствует следующая информация?

Study of alternative ways of selling holidays
IV.Определите основную идею текста

1. 
   Great success of a Travel Kiosk
   
2. 
   Advantages and disadvantages of screen-based holiday booking system
   
3. 
   An effort to install hole-in-the-wall booking machine
   

PUBLIC SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN TOURISM

There are several reasons why the public sector should be involved in tourism. First, there are political reasons_. Tourism by its nature involves travel across national boundaries. Government must get involved in terms of policies relating to the procedures regarding the entry and exit of travellers and nationals. The encouragement of tourism can also be used for political purposes as a means of furthering international relations between two countries or as a means of enhancing the national and international image of a particular destination. Japan, for example, embarrassed by its huge international trade surplus during the 1980s, initiated the "Japan Ten Million Programme" to encourage Japanese people to take trips to foreign countries, to this move was in stark contrast to other countries, including Canada and the United States, who remained concerned about their international "travel gaps" (the differences between what their residents spent abroad and what foreigners spent in their countries on travel).

Second, there are environmental reasons for public-sector involvement, is Tourism "sells" such things as the scenery, history, and cultural heritage of a region. One of the dangers of tourism is that in attempting lo make the national environment more acceptable to a foreign market, the true nature of that environment, physical or cultural, may be permanently damaged, altered, or lost.

Finally, there are economic reasons for public-sector involvement in tourism. Tourism generates income, creates jobs, helps in economic diversification, complements certain other local industries, is an export industry, and provides foreign exchange earnings. In order to enhance these economic advantages to the host destination, the government, to some extent, must get involved.

The type and amount of government involvement varies from country to country. The greater the importance that the government attaches to tourism, the greater will be the involvement. We might expect, for example, government involvement in tourism to be greater in the. Bahamas - where visitor spending represents about 50% of Gross Domestic Product (CDP) - than in the United States, which has a much more diverse economy. The conditions existing in the country also affect the type and amount of government involvement. The political-economic-constitutional system is an important factor. We would expect the level of involvement of a socialist government to be greater than in a country that has a predominantly free-enterprise philosophy.

The level of socioeconomic development is another important factor determining the level of a government's involvement. The greater the economic development of a region, the less the need for government to involvement. In connection with this, the maturity and financial capabilities of the private sector are important factors. The greater the capabilities of the private sector, the less the need for public-sector involvement. In the United States, the argument has been made with some success that its tourism private sector is so highly developed, so sophisticated, and resourceful that there is little need for the Federal Government to be concerned with its development or marketing. This philosophy is clearly reflected by the fact that the United States Travel and Tourism Administration (USTTA) does not have a development function and has no official role in the promotion and development of domestic so (resident) tourism within the US.

The Tourist System, Mill, Robert Christie (Prentice Hall )1992

I. Say whether according to the text the following statements are true or false

a) The encouragement of tourism is useless for political purposes

b) One of the dangers of tourism is that in attempting to make the national environment more acceptable to a foreign market

c) the type and amount of government involvement into tourism is the same in all countries

d) the greater the capabilities of the private sector, the less the need for government to involvement

e) The greater the economic development of a region, the greater the need for government to involvement

II. Answer the questions (choose the answer A,B or C)
1. What is a political reason of public sector involvement into tourism?

1. 
   In order to control the entry and exit of travelers and nationals
   
2. 
   In order to make it more profitable
   
3. 
   In order to advertise tourism sector
   

2. What is an economic reason of public sector involvement into tourism?

a) tourism generates income, creates jobs, helps in economic diversification

b) it helps to import industry

c) it develops social boundaries

3. What is an environmental reason of public sector involvement into tourism?

a) it advertises local sightseeing

b) it improves environment

c) it helps to buy historical values

III. Какой части текста соответствует следующая информация?
The political-economic-constitutional system is an important factor

5. 
   Определите основную идею текста
   

1. 
   Development of “Japan Ten Million Programme”
   
2. 
   Reasons of public sector involvement into tourism
   
3. 
   A tourist system
   

EGYPT WOOS TOURISTS

Egypt, which has seen a catastrophic drop in Western tourism as a result of much-publicised attacks on tourists by Islamic militants, has announced a 14-fold boost to its promotion budget for next year. Dr Mamdouh el-Beitagui, the minister of tourism, announced in London after attending the annual World Travel Market that his country is to spend 3.4 million in Britain to persuade tourists to return.

Britons have always been enthusiastic visitors to Egypt, and last year were the largest group from the West, with some 260.000 tourist arrivals. That figure however, has been badly dented by fears over terrorism, with a I 7 per cent slip in the numbers arriving in the first eight months of this year. Germany is now the largest supplier of Western tourists.

Boosted by the publicity of the successful United Nations population conference in Cairo, the Egyptian government has now gone on the offensive. Dr el-Beltagul pointed out that since 1992 some seven million tourists have visited Egypt - and only seven have been killed in terrorist attacks. A tourist is far safer in Cairo or Luxor, he points out, than in Miami, New York, Spain or dozens of third world destinations. Both he and President Mubarak, who visited London earlier this week, insisted that the 35 fundamentalist threat has now been contained. "After a very successful crackdown from the police, it is clear that the government is taking the initiative," he said. "The intelligence services have infiltrated all these groups'. Tourists are now very well protected."

Nevertheless, it is reckoned that Egypt has lost up to 52 billion in tourist earnings since the attacks began – even though these are virtually confined to Assiut, for long a notorious hothouse of ant-government activity, and upper Egypt. The downturn has not been altogether so bad for Egypt. Much of the loss has been at the lower end of the market - the package tourists who tended to spend the least ….. - so Egypt has an unexpected opportunity to try to boost quality tourism.

One group has scarcely been affected at all by the downturn: Arab tourists, especially from the Gulf states. This sector accounts for 36 per cent of such tourists, but their financial importance is far greater than their numbers. They bring and spend much more money, they stay longer, often for a whole month in the summer; and they spread their spending beyond the souvenir stalls and camel rides to luxury hotels, fashion and consumer industries. In numbers alone Saudis now make up the largest group, with 196.000 arriving between January and September this year.

Behind these figures lies another statistic that is of enormous importance for future trends: Israelis now make up the fourth largest group going to Egypt. And the number of Egyptians going to 75 Israel has also increased dramatically: in 1993 5.000 went to Israel by the end of this year the figure is expected to reach 20.000. For a poor country where the total number going abroad to any destination is small, that suggests a significant change as a result of the gathering momentum of the peace process.

Egypt is trying to take advantage of the peace momentum. The opening of the border between Israel and Jordan now makes a three-country package on the "Red- Sea Riviera" possible, with tourists able to visit Aqaba, Eilat, Sinai and the famed rose-red city of Petra in Jordan on one tour.

Egypt is to build a new international airport at Ras el-Naqab to serve the Red Sea region, and together with Jordan and Israel is to begin joint marketing campaigns for all three countries in America, the Far East and South Africa. Tourist ministers for the three countries are to meet shortly in Cairo to discuss 100 ways of simplifying border formalities, visas, and such things as hire-car arrangements for use in Egypt, Israel and Jordan,

Michael Binyon The Times November 1994

PROMOTING LOCAL TOURISM

Tyndale, the martyred translator of the first printed Bible in English, is to be used to entice thousands of literary enthusiasts to the county of Gloucestershire. A new campaign is highlighting the villages and countryside of Tyndaie's childhood. An estimated million tourists visited Gloucestershire last year, contributing £250 million to the economy and providing work for 10 per cent of residents at a time when jobs in defense and farming have been cut. Celebrations for Tyndate's quincentenary will provide a foundation for the drive to boost the county

Colin Potts, the county tourism officer, says: "Tyndate was responsible for phrases that are now an integral pare of our language, but 500 years later he is still relatively unknown and neglected.

"Phrases such as 'Let there be light... fight the good fight... Am I my brother's keeper?. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak ... salt of the earth ... signs of the times' and eat, drink and be merry capture the rhythms of common speech. Anyone exploring the countryside here, especially around North Nlbley where he grew up, will be walking in the great man's footsteps."
1. Являются ли следующие утверждения (а) истинными, (в) ложными, (с) в тексте нет информации:

А. Благодаря туристической индустрии бюджет получил 2,5 млн. А В С

В. Были произведены сокращения рабочих мест в сельскохозяйственной отрасли. А В С

С. 25% населения заняты в туристической индустрии. А В С
2. Выберите эквиваленты на русском языке к словам и словосочетаниям:

a translator 1 обеспечение работой

b campaign 2 жители

c providing work 3 отдых в сельской местности

d tourism officer 4 перевозчик

e exploring the countryside 5 менеджер по туризму

f residents 6 работа в игровых структурах

g job in defence 7 кампания
3.Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя информацию из статьи:

A. Tyndale, the martyred translator of the first _______ in English…

1. poems 2.Bible 3.tales

B. Colin Potts is a county_________ officer

1. navy 2. tourism 3.top

C. An estimated _________ tourist visited Gloucestershire last year.

1.billion 2. million 3.hundred

D. Tyndale was responsible for ________ that are now an integral part of our language.

1. phrases 2. words 3.poems
CHANGING MARKETS
Over the last two decades, in countries with developed economies, smaller households have emerged as the norm with fewer young children in them, and a much greater proportion of married women in full or part time work. The number of households including couples and one or more children in Britain is now only just over a quarter of the total, and the number of 5 children under the age of 15 fell by over two million between 1970 and 1999. The growing incidence of divorce has created many single person and single parent households, and has a major impact on the nature of demand. Obviously these changes have affected producers who traditionally provided family holiday products based on the needs and interests of children. Smaller households also mean more households and more reasons to visit family and friends living outside the home environment.

At the other end of the age scale the increasing number of people over the age of 55 who are retired or near retired, has been identified as a vitally important population trend, which will increasingly influence travel and tourism markets by the end of the century. Apart from the size of the market these retired and near retired people are quite different from any previous generation of senior citizens in the sense that most of them are far more active, fit, and affluent than before. Many of them will have been brought up in a civilization accustomed to high levels of personal mobility, and most will have established patterns of leisure activities and holidays, which they will be able to afford to continue into their seventies and eighties. Marketing managers around the world are studying ways to develop their shares of this expanding market, and there are obvious profit prospects for those who design products which older people want to buy.
Tourism's Challenge: Spreading The Tourist Load
Many, though certainly not all, problems produced by modem travel, can be explained by two well-known phenomena: the tremendous ' concentration of holidays and travel into just a few weeks and weekends, and the congestion it produces: everybody at the same time, for the same reason, in the same places. The flight from the mass into the mass. The concentration of holidays in time and space is responsible for the huge plague of travellers, who are sometimes perceived as a burden and a threat both by tourists themselves and their hosts. The over-exploitation of recreational areas can be explained by these reasons too. Despite that, its debatable whether many travellers would want to be quite alone on their trip. Even if they did, moving so many thousands of people, all at the same time, to their holiday homes and back again, can never be done in smaller units. So it looks as though massivity is here to stay. What we should try to do is control and reduce its scale. The question of tolerable numbers must be a central issue for the planning of tourism in the tourist destination area,

Efforts must therefore be made to break down the travel periods by staggering school and works holidays. Information about the advantages of staggered holidays should be made available at all levels. This question must be given a new priority in international organizations (e.g. the World Tourism Organization, the OECD, the EU etc) and take its place in national policies as well.

Tourist facilities in holiday areas should be more rationally distributed following the principle of 'decentralized concentration'. The tourist infrastructure should be expanded to a larger number of centres and small-scale projects should be promoted so that less developed areas get a share of the economic benefit produced by tourism.

That the holiday period should be staggered as a matter of urgency is now generally accepted. But there is also widespread resignation about the fact that decades of political discussions about the subject have produced no tangible results. People seem to have resigned themselves to the holiday rush, accepting it as an immutable fact of Ufe. But renewed efforts to change this situation must be made, for their success would significantly improve the preconditions for the well-being of all participants in tourism and for the preservation of recreational areas. If 35 people were given more say in the organization and scheduling of their working and leisure time, every person would have a much greater possibility of avoiding the holiday peaks and bottlenecks; whether he or she would use the chance is less certain.

The second demand, namely that tourism should be decentralized 40 and its scale thus reduced, is not so controversial. The honey pot theory, as it is called, has many advocates: the best solution, they claim, is to set up large honey pots' - i.e. holiday centres, in which tourists will assemble in their thousands like insects looking for food, while all other areas will be kept free of the 'tourist plague'. Though other formulations are not always so extreme, growing resistance to tourist development which is engulfing the whole country, can be observed in many areas.

According to this view, tourism should be allotted certain zones and the rest of the country protected from it (see the proposition relating to artificial holiday centres). We should point out that our own demand for so more decentralization does not imply that the over concentration would be replaced by dispersion. Such a development would have dubious consequences both for the environment and society. What is needed is a middle-of-the-road solution in which the costs and benefits will be better distributed from the point of view of all participants.