Лекция The down of British History
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Лекция 1
1.Лекция тақырыбы:
“The down of British History”
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. Primitive society
2. Roman Britain
3. Лекция мақсаты: Студенттерге өздері тілін үйренетін елдің тарихы туралы толық мәлімет беру.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Алғашқы қауымдық қатынаста тұрған адамдардың өмірімен,тұрмысымен таныстыру.
1. Primitive society on the territory of the
At the down of their history the peoples on this planet lived in primitive societies. These primitive peoples, wherever they lived, began their long path of progress with stone tools, but they didn’t reach the same time level of civilizations at the same time in different countries.
The ancient civilizations of
a) The earliest men.
In some part of
What was it used for? As a burial-place or a sacred place where early man worshipped the sun? About 3000 years B.C. many parts of Europe including the British Isles were inhabited by a people, who come to the known as the Iberians because some of their descendants are still found in the north of
They lived in Britain long before a word of their history was written, and so not much is known about this people, but we can learn something from their skeletons, their weapons and the remain of their dwellings which have been fond.
The Iberians used stone weapons and tools. The art of grinding and polishing stone was known to them, and they could make smooth objects of stone with sharp edges and points.
b) The Celts
During the period from the
More than one Celts tribe invaded
The Iberians were unable to fight back the attacks of the Celts who were armed with metal spears, swords, daggers and axes.
Most of the Iberians were slain in the conflict: some of them were driven westwards into the mountains. And now this place is called
The Greeks were the first to mention about the
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The famous Roman general, statesman and writer Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War, a book written in Latin J.S .described the island and the Celts against whom he fought. He told Celts were tall and blue-eyed. They wore long flowing moustaches but no beards.
The Celts had no towns; they lived in villages.
The Celtic language today. To this day the descendants of the ancient Celts live on the territory of the
Some words of the Celtic language can still be found in Modern English and most of them are geographical names. Many rivers, hills and towns are still called by their old Celtic names.
Eg:*in
*the chalk highlands in the southern and south-eastern parts of
2. Roman Britain.
1)
In the 1 century B.C. when the in habitants of the British Isles were still living under the primitive communal system, the Roman Empire became the strongest slave-owning state in the
It was the last and greatest of civilization of the ancient world. The Romans ruled all of the civilized world and 1 century A.D. they conquered
While the Celts were still living in tribes the Romans were the most powerful people in the world. Roman society differed greatly from that of the Celts. It was a slave society divided into antagonistic classes. The main classes were the slaves and the slave owners.
The slave-owners made up the minority of the population but they owned the land, tools, buildings and slaves. The slaves possessed neither land nor tools & were themselves the property of the slave-owners.
The Roman conquered all the countries around the
2)The Roman Conquest of
.
One of the last countries to be conquered by
In 55 B.C. a Roman army of 10.000 men crossed the Channel and invaded
In the next year, 54 B.C. Caesar again came to
The Romans who had better arms & were much better trained defeated the Celts in several battles. At last Roman army invaded
3) Roman influence in
As a result of the conquest signs of Roman civilization spread over
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dwellers and as soon as they had conquered Britain they began to build towns, splendid villas, public bath as in Rome itself.York, Gloucester, Lincoln and London became the chief Roman towns.
Together with a high civilization the Romans brought exploitation and slavery to the
Among the Celts themselves inequality began to grow. The tribal chiefs and nobility became richer than other members of the tribe. Many of them became officials acting for
The names of many modern English towns are of Latin origin too. The Roman towns were strongly fortified and they were called Castro which means "camps». This word can be recognized in various forms in such names as
1-4 century A.D.-Britain is a Roman province
5 A.D.-The Romans leave
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. The earliest men
2.The Celts
3.
4. Roman ‘s influence in
5. The Roman Conquest of
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
The Roman Conquest of
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 2
1.Лекция тақырыбы: “The down of British History”
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. Establishment of the feudal system in
2. Establishment of the
3. Norman conquest of
3. Лекция мақсаты: Студенттерге өздері тілін үйренетін елдің тарихы туралы толық мәлімет беру.
4. Лекция мазмұны:Феодалдық системаның құрылуын, Британиядағы корольдіктермен таныстыру.
- Establishment of the feudal system in
The Romans protected their
The Anglo-Saxon conquest is regarded as the beginning of medieval history in
The Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English. As a result of the conquest they formed the majority of the population in
After the Roman legions left
In the 5 century, first the Jutes and then after Germanic tribes - the Saxons and Angles began to migrate to
In 449 the Jutes landed in
In the course of the conquest many of the Celts were killed, some were taken prisoners and made slaves or had to pay tribute to the conquerors.
By the end of the 6 century and the beginning of the 7 several kingdoms were formed on the
The new conquerors brought about changes altogether different from those that followed the conquest of the country by the Romans. The new settlers disliked towns preferring to live in small villages. In the course of the conquest they destroyed the Roman town and villas. All the beautiful buildings and baths and roads were so neglected that soon fell in ruins. Sometimes the
roads were broken up, the stones being used for building material. This art of road making was lost for many hundreds of years.
The Jutes, the Saxons and the Angels were closely a kin in speech and customs, and they gradually merged into one people. The name”Jute” soon died out and the conquerors are generally referred to us the Anglo-Saxons.
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As a result of the conquest the Anglo-Saxons made up the majority of the population in
But gradually the Celts who were in the minority merged with the conquerors adopted their customs and learned to speak their languages. Only the Celts who reminded independent in the West,
At first the Anglo-Saxons spoke various dialects but gradually the dialect of the Angles of Murcia became predominant. In the course of time all the people of
After the conquest of
2
. Establishment of the
For three centuries a struggle went on between the little Anglo-Saxons kingdoms set up in the 5-6 centuries.
As feudal relations develop the owners of the landed estates strike to unify the separate kingdoms into one state under the power of the king.
At the end of the 8 century another brunch of Germanic people began to attack
The separate Anglo-Saxon kingdoms fighting among themselves become an easy prey for the invaders.
The 9 century sees the political unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms waged a constant struggle against one another for predominance over the country from time to time. Some stronger states seized the land of the neighboring kingdoms were always changing so were their boundaries.
The greatest and most important kingdoms were North Umbria,
Under this rule all the small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united to form one kingdom which was called
The clergy, royal warriors and officials supported the king’s power.
The political unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was spread up by the urgent task of defending the country against the dangerous raids of the new enemies. From the end of the 8 century and during the 9 and the10 centuries
The Danes were of the same Germanic race as the Anglo-Saxons themselves and they came from the same part of the continent. But unlike the Anglo-Saxons whose way of life had
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changed greatly ever since they came to
The Danes were well armed with sword, spear, dagger, battle- axe and bow.
North Umbria and
Only
Alfred managed to raise an army and to stop the offensive of the Danes. He made new rules for the army in which every free man had to serve and to come provided with the proper weapons.
During the reign of Alfred the Great the first British Navy was build and a war fleet of ships larger and faster than those of the Danes protected the island.
At the end of 9 century new Danish attacks were made, but they were beaten off; The Anglo-Saxon won their first victories on the sea, and soon the Danes no longer dared to attack
The
In the 10 century the united Anglo-Saxon feudal monarchy was consolidated. A much larger territory including the Dane’s land was now under the power of the kings of
From the end of the 10 century the Danes began to devastate the country again. And for some period in the 11 century
Under both Anglo-Saxon and Danish kings feudal society continued to develop in
In the second half of the 10 century under the rule of Alfred’s descendants the Saxon monarchy was further consolidated.
The Anglo-Saxons won several victories over the Danes, took away the Dane law and ruled over the whole of
The Danes were not driven out of the country but they were made subjects of Wessex.They submitted to the power of the Anglo-Saxon kings and never tried to make the Dane law into a separate kingdom.
The Danes influenced the development of the country greatly. They were good sailors and traders and they favored the growth of town and the development of trade in
Many Scandinavian words came into the English language at that time and are even used today. For example:
Adjective - happy, low, loose, ill, ugly, weak
Verbs - to take, to die, to call
Nouns - sister, husband, sky, fellow, law, window, leg, wing, harbour.
The Danes gave their own names to many of the towns they built.For example:
2 .At the end of the 10 century the Danish invasions were resumed. The Anglo-Saxon kings were unable to organize any effective resistance. The Anglo-Saxon came again in great numbers the following year to demand more.
At the beginning of the 11 century
center of his power. But he was away from
3
. Norman Conquest of
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Four different peoples invaded
In the 11 century
In the 9 century while the Danes were plundering
As we know the Danes settled down in the conquered part of
Many changes came about in the life of the Normans and the Danes after the 9 century. By the 11 century the Danes finally settled down as subject of the English kings. As time went on they gradually mixed with the Anglo-Saxon among whom they lived. Thus they retained their Germanic language and many of their customs that were very much like those of the Anglo-Saxons. But the Normans who had settled down in
The
William landed in South of England and the battle between the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons took place in a little village in the neighborhood of the town now called
The victory at
The Norman Conquest brought about very important changes in the life of the Anglo-Saxons. King Harold had little power after the great lords. The Anglo-Saxon earls didn’t even join their king at
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1.The Anglo –Saxons
2. Kings of
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
1. Five invasions of the
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 3
1.Лекция тақырыбы: “The land and population”
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. Geographical position of the
2. Physical structure and relief
3. Climate and weather
4. Population
3. Лекция мақсаты:
Географиялық жағдаймен таныстыру, рельеф, климат ерекшеліктерін анықтау.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Гебрид, Мен және басқа да аралдарға ұласып жатқан бұғаздар мен теңіздер туралы мәлімет алу. Халық құрамын анықтау.
1. Geographical position of the
The British Isles are situated off the north-west coast
The capital of
As to the national emblems of the
The
The
The combined population of the British Isles-59.5 m/n people including that of the Republic Ireland makes the Islands one of the most densely populated parts of the earth's surface and the
The English Channel and the North Sea separate the British Isles from
Off the north-western coast of
Hebrides, the groups of Islands, separated from each other by the
Separated from the mainland by the stormy mile wide land there are the Orkneys Islands, comprising about a hundred Islands, though only a third are inhabited, by about 19.500 people. Most of the people are engaged in dairy and poultry farming, bacon, cheese and eggs are exported to central
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Situated about 70 miles north of Orkneys there are the
In the middle of the Irish Sea there is the Isle of Man (571 sq. km)
Another important Island in the Irish Sea is
The Isle of Wight is in the
Of the extreme south-western coast of
The Channel Islands lie to the south-west on the French side of the
2. Physical structure and relief
You will not find very high mountains or large plains here. Everything occupies little place. (Nature, it seems, has carefully adapted things-mountains, valleys, plains, rivers and lakes-to the size of the island itself.)
The highest mountain in the British Isles is Ben Nevis in
Across the north end of the
The valleys, which separate the various mountains from each other, contain some beautiful lakes. This is so-called
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In north-west
Thirlmere and News Water are in use as reservoirs for the
The region is scarcely populated and sheep rearing is the main occupation of the farmers. A typical farmhouse is built of stone, quarried locally, and roofed with slate, also obtained in the region. Around it are a number of small fields, separated from one another by dry stone walls.
The south-west region is essentially agricultural area. The areas of best soil occur around the southern borders of Dart moor, in northern
The
The Cambrians largely comprise the upland areas, generally and collectively described as the Welsh Massif. In the south the massif includes an important coalfield, on which an industrial area has grown. It is the most densely populated of 208 m/n inhabiting about one-eight of the area.
Two relief divisions may be distinguished in South-Wales;
1. A coastal plain which in the south-eastern part around
to 16 km wide, and
2. The upland areas of the coal-field proper, which rise between 245 and 380
meters.
Much of the
The
The Southern Uplands extend from the Central Valley of Scotland in the north to the Pennine Hills and
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The Central lowlands of
The Central lowlands are the most densely populated of the three main regions of
The Central Plain of Ireland stretches west-east across the country from coast to coast.
Around the plain is a broken rim of mountains. In the extreme north-east is the Antrim Plateau or Mountains of Antrim.
Being geographically an island and a single unit, Ireland is politically divided into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, comprising six countries of Ulster which was one of the provinces of ancient Ireland: Antrim, Londdnol, Tyrone, Fermangh, Armagh and Down.
3. Climate and weather
Weather is not the same as climate. The weather of the
This means that not only marine influences to warm the land in winter and cool it in summer, but also that the winds blowing over the Atlantic have a similar effect and at the same time carry large amounts of moisture which is deposited over the land as rain, Britain's climate is generally one of mild winters and cool summers, with rain throughout the year, although there are considerable regional changes.
Rainfall is fairly well distributed throughout the year, put on average, March to June are the driest month and October to January the wettest.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. The
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The UK of GB and Northern Ireland”
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Лекция 4
1.Лекция тақырыбы: Political system of Britain
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. A constitutional monarchy
2. Parliament
3. Government
3. Лекция мақсаты: Британияның конститутциясы және оның ерекшеліктері туралы айтып өту.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Конституциялық монархия және оның рөлі.Лордтар палатасы,оның құрылысы және құқығы. Қауым палатасы.
1.
In law the Queen is Head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the Commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crow and the “supreme governor” of the established Church of
The Queen and the royal family take part in many traditional ceremonies. Their visits to different parts of
The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head.
2. Parliament
Parliament is a supreme legislative body.
The main functions of the Parliament are law-making, control of the government, granting sanctions to taxes and state expenses. but as far as the law making function is concerned , only the House of Commons can propose the law. A proposed law, which is called a bill, is introduced by ministers on behalf of the British Government. Some deputies can also bring in bills. Such bills are called private members’ bills. In order to become an Act of Parliament a bill must pass through both Houses and the Royal assent.
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3. Government
The British Parliamentary system depends on political parties. Most members of the government comprise representatives of the party which wins a majority of the seats in the House of Commons at a general election. The leader of the majority party becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister forms the government which usually consists of 60 or 70 ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area in the government. From these 60 or 70 ministers the Prime Minister chooses a small group of 20 representatives. This group i9s called the Cabinet of Ministers or just the Cabinet. The Cabinet is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Cabinet Ministers are the holders of the most important offices, for example, Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Health.
The Cabinet defines the main trends of the British Government policy. The Cabinet works under the head of the Prime Minister. Frequent Cabinet meetings take place in the Prime Minister’s residence of (10,
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. British constitution
2. Parliament
3. House of Commons.
4. House of Lords.
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
“
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 5
1.Лекция тақырыбы: Political system of Britain
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. House of Commons
2. House of Lords
3. Political parties
3. Лекция мақсаты: Үкіметтің министрлер кабинетімен таныстыру. Сайлау жүйесі
4. Лекция мазмұны: Үкіметтің маңыздылығын және ролін анықтау. Сайлау жүйесінің ерекшеліктерін түсіндіру.
1
. House of Commons
The House of Commons comprises 650 elected members, who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members of the Parliament are the representatives of local communities. At a general election held every five years, ordinary people elect one person from their constituency to be their Member of Parliament. That is why Lower Chamber of Parliament is called the House of Commons. The House of Commons hold sessions which last for 160-170 days. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and they have to attend the sittings.
The House of Commons is presided by the Speaker. The speaker is elected by the House of Commons. Although the Speaker belongs to one of the parties he has to be unprejudiced. His function is to keep order. He controls who speaks and for how long. The speaker wears a long wig and sits in the Speaker’s Chair in the Hall of the House of Commons.
Speaker’s Chair stands at the North end. In front of it there stands the Table of the House which is occupied by the Clerk of the House and two Clerk assistants. There are benches for the Government and its supporters to the right of the Speaker. To the left of the Speaker there are benches occupied by the Opposition. There are also Cross benches at the South end of the Hall which is occupied by the members of any other parties. The front bench of the Government is called the Treasury Bench and used by the Prime Minister and other ministers. The front benches of the Opposition are occupied by its leaders. Those who sit on the front benches of both parties are called front benchers. The back benches belong to the rank-and-file MPs (back benchers).
The House of Commons plays the major part in law making. A Bill may be introduced by any MP, in practice it is generally introduced by a Minister. In order to become a law a bill has to go through three stages of reading in the House of Commons, then have the Agreement of the House of Lords and the Royal assent.
The first reading is just publication and distribution of the proposal among the MPs. There is no debate or discussion. The second reading includes debate, discussion and criticizing. The Speaker asks the House to vote. If bill passes the second reading it goes to a committee. The third reading is called a report stage. The Bill is discussed in detail and many alterations may be made. Then the Speaker receives the report of the Committee and asks the House to vote again. If
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the Bill gets a majority vote, it goes to the House of Lords.
2. House of Lords
The House of Lords consists of more than 1000 members, but only 250 take an active part in the work of the House. The members of the House are the Lords “Temporal” (i.e. Barons, Earls, Marquises and Dukes) and the Lords “Spiritual”(i.e. the Archbishops of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, and twenty- four Bishops).
The Lords “Temporal” can be hereditary peers and peeresses and life peers and peeresses. Life peers and peeresses receive their peerages as a reward for service and their children do not inherit the title.
Members of the House of Lords are not elected. They sit there because of their rank. The Chairman of the Upper Chamber is the Lord Chancellor. He sits on a special picturesque seat which is called the Woolsack. It is a large bag of wool covered with red cloth. This tradition goes back to the period of the reign of Edward III (XIYc.). The Woolsack is a reminder of the time when
The Lords debate a bill if it has passed by the House of Commons. They only have power to delay a bill ( if it isn’t a financial one). They can throw it out once, but if the bill is presented a second time they must pass it.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. Conservative party
2. Labour party
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
“The distinguishing feature of the British parliamentary system”
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 6
1.Лекция тақырыбы: Educational system
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. School education
2. Post-school education
3. Universities
3. Лекция мақсаты: Бастауыш білім беру. Орта білім мектептерінің түрлері, олардың сипаттамасы.Университет және колледжердің системасымен танысу.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Халық білім беру жүйесін ұйымдастыру негіздерін, халыққа білім беру ісін басқару. Емтихан мен тесттер туралы.
There are 3 stages of education in GREAT BRITAIN: primary, secondary and further education. Primary and secondary stages are school education. Further education means post-school education. Compulsory school education lasts 11 years, from the age of 5 to 16.
After the age of 16 young people can take further education. They can leave school but continue their education in a further education college, or they can continue studying at school until 18 years and then enter institutions of higher education or universities.
1. SCHOOL EDUCATION
There is compulsory secondary education in
There are schools maintained by state and private. Maintained schools in
Great Britain has a great number of various types of schools, primary schools, middle schools, grammar, technical ,secondary modern schools, comprehensive schools and other.
A) PRIMARY EDUCATION
On the first stage of school education – primary stage children study in primary school from the age of 5 to 11.The primary school may be divided into two parts: infant and junior.
The infant school takes children from 5 to 7,after which they continue studying in the junior school from 7 to 11.
At infant school children learn reading, writing and arithmetic. They also sing, draw, do physical exercises. At junior school children have arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography, nature study, art and music, physical education.
At 11, after finishing primary school course, children go to second stage of school education-secondary school.
Middle school teach children between 8 and 14 (8-12,9-13,9-14)after which pupils go to comprehensive school.
B) SECONDARY EDUCATION
Secondary education is compulsory for all up to the age of 16.There are different types of secondary schools: grammar, technical, modern and comprehensive schools.
GRAMMAR SCHOOLS take only children who have good results of the “11 plus examination (11+)”. It is an examination for children of 11 years old or a little older( eleven plus some months). It consists of an arithmetic paper, an English paper and an intelligence test.
Grammar school gave academic education for the selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18,and prepare them for higher education. The general level of education in these school is very high. The school teaches English language and literature, modern languages, Latin, Mathematics, physics, Chemistry, Biology, history, Geography and other subjects.
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Secondary modern school give a general ,non-academic education up to the minimum school leaving age of 16.After finishing this school pupils cannot enter higher educational establishments.
Comprehensive school are the most popular schools in Britain today(especially in England and Wales).These schools take all the children in a given area without selecting examination .All the same time they offer all the courses taught in the three traditional schools described above-academic and practical subjects .So comprehensive schools are much bigger then the later.
COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL take the following age ranges : from 11 to 18 (after primary schools ) from 12,13 or 14 to 18 years (after middle schools ),and from 11 to 16 years.
All state schools have a National Curriculum. It consists of 10 subjects which all the children must study at school. The subjects are English, Mathematics, Science, a modern foreign language.(for 11-16 years olds),Technics and Design ,History, Geography ,Music ,Art, Physical education .Pupils progress in subjects is measured by written and practical tests.
The National Curriculum aims to ensure all children study basic subjects and have a better all-round education.
After 5 years of secondary education pupils take principal examinations for the General certificate of secondary education(GCSE) After the GCSE advanced (A)level.
2. POST-SCHOOL EDUCATION
At the age of 16 young people can choose their further education at school or outside school. They can continue studying at school until the age of 18. They can leave school and continue their education in various colleges, polytechnics and vocationally oriented schools, such as drama schools, art schools ,ballet schools or schools of librarianship and others. The most part of those institutions are private i.e. fee-charging.
These institutions do not give higher education, they prepare a variety of professions for industry and commerce such as sewing, typing, book-keeping and many others.
The UK post school institution of higher education are universities, polytechnics and other higher education colleges.
There are different universities in the country. Admission to universities is by examination or selection (interviews).British students get grants from their local education authority.
3. Universities
A university graduate leaves with a degree. It usually takes three years to get a BACHELOR OF ARTS or BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE.
A MA or MS degree may be got in one or two additional years .
Universities are centers of research as well as teaching and many postgraduates are engaged in research for higher education. The highest academic degree is the Doctor of Philosophy. British universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, traditions and general organization.
Higher education has become more available in the second half of the 20th century.
In 1960 there were less than 25 universities in
There are no great distinctions between different types of universities in
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Then, Scottish universities. By 1600
During the 19th century various institutions of higher education(usually technical ones)were founded in the industrial towns and cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. Their buildings were of local bricks so they got the name “redbrick” universities. They contrasted chiefly with
One of the developments in education in Britain is certainly the open university .It was founded in 1971. Some people don’t have an opportunity to study full-time, and this university allows them to study for degree.
This university ‘s courses are taught through television, radio and course books. Its students work individually and with tutors ,to whom, they sound their papers. The students discuss their work at meetings or through correspondence. In summer they attend short courses.
OXBRIDGE
The largest colleges have more than 400 students, the smallest have less than 30.
The end of the 12th century saw the real beginning of the university . The first group of scholars were from
A characteristic feature of Oxford is that many traditions of the middle ages are still current there. One of them is that the students have to wear gowns .
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. Primary Education
2. Secondary Education
3. Technical schools
4. Colleges
5. Universities
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
“
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 7
1.Лекция тақырыбы: The main economic regions
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. The south industrial and agricultural region
2.
3. Лекция мақсаты: Ірі порттармен таныстыру.Ауылшаруашылықтың маңызың түсіндіру.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Негізгі экономикалық аудандар және қалалармен таныстыру. Олардың географиясы.
1. The main economic regions.
Regional differences in the country’s economy are essential despite its small territory. Historically
The South industrial and agricultural region.
This is the most important region in the country in terms of industry, agriculture and population. The region includes all the south of
Today about 6.7 million people live in greater
The importance of
As with most capital cities,
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concentration of population in the city and the resultant need for service industries which occur there on a scale found now here else in
The other towns and cities, situated to the north of the Thames, and closely connected with the capital industrial specialization are
Early this century a motor car firm built its principal factory at
such as the manufacture of electrical appliances roller, bearing, etc. Nearby there is also one of the largest brickworks in
The Thames valley in general, between
Of the towns situated on the southern fringe of
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refinery supplies fuel to power stations, raw material to chemical works, and aviation spirit to
Brighton and Bournemouth are the leading and most popular seaside resorts of the southern fringe of
The south is major agricultural region of
2. The
The Midlands is situated in the center of
It was the presence of coalfields, especially the
Although the basic iron and steel industry has virtually disappeared, the industries which depend upon it, particularly engineering. With the changes in industry have dome changes in
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surface features, and the
It has been said that
The other major city of the West Midlands conurbation is
During the Second World War Coventry suffered great damage from Nazi air raids. On the night of November 14.1940 came the greatest raid so far directed against an English provincial city. Nearly 75 per cent of the city’s industry had been seriously damaged and so had over 46,000 houses after the city was rebuilt. Today
At the south-west tip of the Pennines lies a district of the Midlands known as the Potteries with its major industrial centre Stoke-upon-Trent (26,000) famous for its pottery and ceramics industry.
In climate the Midlands has a midway place between the rather wet area to the west (
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. Geographical position of regions
2. The main industry
3. Big cities of regions
4. Climate
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
“Agriculture of regions”
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 8
1.Лекция тақырыбы: The main economic regions
2. Лекция жоспары:
1.
2.
3. Лекция мақсаты: Ірі порттармен таныстыру.Ауылшаруашылықтың маңызың түсіндіру.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Негізгі экономикалық аудандар және қалалармен таныстыру. Олардың географиясы.
1.
2.
Two major industrial regions are situated to the north of the
We may distinguish two major centers in this region: Merseyside and Greater Manchester.
Merseyside is centered on
The chemical industry is developed, using brine (water is pumped down into the salt deposits, which dissolves the salt and then the water is forced to the surface as brine) from the salt deposits in nearby
Great
At the heart of the region the
By the seventeenth century
However, the important was the construction of the
Clothing manufacture based on cotton and synthetic fibers and good processing are important activities, but engineering (including electrical engineering) is the principal employer of labour.
Of the towns situated on the shore of the Irish Sea most important is Black pool, which is a popular coastal resort in northern
Like South Yorkshire,
Being the chief commercial and cultural center of
In North Yorkshire the largest town is
On the basic of local are the iron and steel industry developed in
The estuary of the Humber is one of the most spacious in
In the early days prosperity depended largely on fishing and in most recent years the fishing fleet landed a bigger catch than of any other port.
The economy of
Much of the territory to the east, especially near the coast is under the plough. Barley and wheat are major crops and sugar beet and potatoes are also important.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. Geographical position of regions
2. The main industry
3. Big cities of regions
4. Climate
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
“Agriculture of regions”
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 9
1.Лекция тақырыбы: The main economic regions
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. National Economy of Scotland
2. Wales
3. Лекция мақсаты: Ірі порттармен таныстыру.Ауылшаруашылықтың маңызың түсіндіру.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Негізгі экономикалық аудандар және қалалармен таныстыру. Олардың географиясы.
1. National Economy of
2.
1. National Economy of
Scotland due to its physical features which influence the development of the economy is divided into 3 parts: the Scottish Highlands which occupy the vast, complicated mountain area in the northern part of the country, the Southern Uplands which cover the smaller and lower hill area in the south and the Central Lowlands occupying the wide rift valley which separates the other two areas. The first two areas are sparsely populated, while the Central Lowlands occupying about 15 per cent of
The iron industry grew up on the coalfield to the south-east of
Scottish steel has long been used chiefly by the heavy industries of the
Clydeside also benefited by having pioneered the building of ships. But in the 1970s, further beset by the economic crisis of capitalism, Clydeside lost its place as the leading shipbuilding area in
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As a seaport it enjoyed a Savourable position for trade with
North Sea oil has affected life on the Orkneys and the
The natural conditions of
The
2.
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By the 1930s coal exports were already declining, causing economic depression and unemployment. The overseas trade disappeared in World War II, and only partly and temporally revived in place time. Important consumers were now turning to oil, and the reduced demand led to the closure to many pits and again unemployment. From about 200 pits as the end of World War II the number was reduced to less that 50. The number of working miners fell by about two-thirds and the industry lost its position as the leading employer in
Like coal mining, the iron and steel industry is long established in the south. For much of the nineteenth century South Wales was the leading producer in
Other material industry in south
In addition to the river valleys and the narrow coastal plain, North Wales has some Lowland areas, including those on the
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milk for English industrial districts as well as the towns of
Despite the small coalfield, industrialization has had little effect on
In general,
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. Geographical position of regions
2. The main industry
3. Big cities of regions
4. Climate
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
“Agriculture of regions”
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The
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Лекция 10
1.Лекция тақырыбы: A Nation of Immigrants
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. Geographical position of the
2. Native Americans
3. Лекция мақсаты: Аумақтық құрамын таныстыру. Ірі көлдер мен өзендер туралы мәлімет беру. Америка ұлтының қалыптасуы.
4. Лекция мазмұны: Америка халқының өзгешілігін, өмір сұру ерекшеліктерін айтып өту. АҚШ дамуының әртүрлі деңгейлеріндегі иммиграция.
1.Geographical position of the
The main landmass of the US lies in Central North America, with Canada to the North, Mexico to the South, The Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. The two newest states,
The diversity of the country stems from the fact that it is so large and has so many kind of land ,climate and people .
The USA stretches 2,575 kilometers from North to South,4,500 kilometers from east to west. The deep green mountain forests of the northwest coast are drenched with more than 250 centimeters of rain each year.
A traveler from almost any other country can find points of the USA that remind him of home. There are pine forest dotted with lakes ,and mountain peaks covered with snow. There are meadows with brooks and trees and sea cliffs ,and wide grassy plains, and broad spreads of grapevines and sandy beaches.
The
SIX REGIONS: The Northeast, The central basin ,The Southeast ,The Great Plains ,The mountains and Deserts, The Coast Valleys
1.THE NORHTEAST( THE MELTING POT)
This is the part of the US which most visitors see ,and the part that is most often described. The skyscrapers of New York, the steel mills of Pittsburg, the automobile assembly lines of Detroit-these symbols of industrial America belong to this region. Into this area of industry came millions of Europeans who made of it what became known as the ”melting pot” the fusion of people from many nations into Americans.
More than any other part of the country , this section reflects European culture and tradition .New York is the largest city, was bought from the Indians for a mere $24 worth of trinkets.
Now it is the financial center of the USA .New York is the welcoming port for most of the immigrants who saw ,as they sailed into its harbor ,the immense statue of liberty holding high her torch of freedom.
There are three other major seaports in the Northeast. All, like
PHILADELPHIA is where the Declaration of Independence and the constitution were drawn up and signed and where Benjamin Franklin, statesman and scientist ,lived ,Baltimore is a commercial and industrial center and important seaport.
THE
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The gently sloping land of the central Basin was once the frontier to those who crossed the Appalachian Mountains. In Illinois these pioneers reached the end of the great eastern forests .Before them was a rich grass land .The fertile soils and the long hot summers with enough rain were a farmer’s dream. There the states as Ohio , Indiana, Illinois ,Iowa and Nebraska which are known as the Corn Belt. The North part of this region is in Wisconsin and Minnesota which are cooler and more moist states in this region. There dairy farming flourishes. On a typical farm in the Central Basin the farmer will own about 87 hectares and plant one main crop. He will also have a large herd of livestock. All planting ,cultivating, fertilizing, spraying and harvesting he will do himself.
THE SOUTHEAST( land of change)
This Southeast region is changing more rapidly than any other part of the US-not because the land is new, but because the area’s old, exhausted land is being given new life.
The region is blessed with plentiful rainfall and a mild climate .On most of its farmlands ,crops can be grown without frost at last six month of the year .A transportation artery , the Mississippi River and its southern branches, runs through the heart of the area ,and other rivers are found near its coast. Crops grew easily in its soil, which is brown on the coastal plain, red on the low hillsides, and black in east Texas .The mountains contribute coal ,water ,and rich valleys .
Before the US declared its freedom from Great Britain in 1776,the economy of the colonies (both north and south)was predominantly agricultural.
The geography of the northeast did not fit well into this pattern and, with independence ,the northern states broke away from it. But the South, with its rich soil and ideal climate found its wealth in agriculture with such crops as tobacco, rice and indigo.
Industrial power, the energy that turns machines is being developed, at last ,for human use. For example ,natural gas is a great resource for industrial power, but it must be transported after it is taken from the ground .Today South has built new pipeline underground which carry this resource from the gas and oil fields to mines and mill sites.
THE
The Great Plains begin with he 50 centimeters rainfall line which runs north and South almost through the center of the country .The traveler becomes aware of the difference in the atmosphere once he crosses this invisible line .This is a land of extreme heat and extreme cold. It is a land where water is worth more than property. It is almost flat, rising imperceptibly for 640 kilometers until it suddenly meets the mountains to the West.
Nowhere is the rainfall more unpredictable or the climate more violent. For two or three years there may be enough rain .Then there is a year when no rain falls, when the streams from the mountains dry up and their channels are filled with sand .The wind blows constantly .It is very hot from July to September ,but it the winter snow covers houses.
The
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THE MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS region like the Great Plains did not attract settlers at first. It was a fearful area, to be crossed as quickly as possible to reach the Pacific coast. Seeking land and gold , the settler at first found neither until they reached the Pacific slopes .But then gold was found at Pikes Peak and in a few other parts of the Rocky mountains. Clearly ,there was gold in the Rockies and men hurried back ,faster than they had hurried through.
The Majestic Rocky mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic, like the Alps, they are high , sharp and rugged. Compared with the Appalachians in the East ,they are young and their faces of bare rock are capped with snow ,even to the south. In the high valleys, there are remains of the glaciers, while below them there are clear, icy lakes.
The Rocky mountains are the long backbone of the continent –over
Today about 170,000sq.kilometres of deserts. In the 960 kilometers between Salt lake city ,Utah and Peno ,Nevada ,there is nothing but dead lakes ,dry rivers, snakes and small animal life, enormous mineral wealth ,and the inhuman beauty of the desert.
Most of
Today the nation’s largest open-hit copper mining center is Bingham, Utah, in one of the Great basin ranges.
Modern industry demands more and more of the nation’s mineral wealth.
Each new electric plant needs many kilometers of copper wire: machines require iron ,lead and other minerals .Coal, oil and natural gas must drive the machines.
States like Texas and Oklahoma long have been noted for their oil production, but the west also has vast new energy reserves.
The West is the site for the development of alternative energy sources. Wind-power experiments conducted in New Mexico eventually may lead to installations providing two percent of the nation’s electrical power.
Sunny Colorado ,New Mexico and California ,along with numerous other states, are important testing grounds for solar energy.
THE
When Americans began to move to the Far West-before any gold discoveries in the region the entire Pacific Coast attracted them. Why did they come, these men ,women and children from the East? Why did they endure the frightful trials of the plains, the mountains, the deserts? Why did they want so much to move West?
The Americans came because they wanted more space, free land ,a freer life ,and perhaps a fortune, too.
The Pacific Coast ,from San Francisco to Seattle ,was first reached by English ,Russian and other explorers. Some established fur trading posts.
All three
Quaint cable cars clang up and down its sleep hills and ships sail from the Pacific Ocean under the sweeping span of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco Bay, one of the world’s finest land-locked harbors.
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The 50th state is Hawaii, it is a string of sun-drenched islands over 3.200 kilometers out in the Pacific Ocean from the coast of California. Pineapple plantation of
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
The landmass of the USA
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
Why do Immigrants come to the USA?
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Stevenson D.K American Life and Institutions
2. Tomakhin Y. Across the
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Лекция 11
1.Лекция тақырыбы: 1. Geographical position of the
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. The river
2. Nation of immigrants
3. Лекция мақсаты: АҚШ-тың иеліктері, олардың экономикалық маңыздылығын үйрету.
4. Лекция мазмұны: АҚШ-тың алты бөлшектерін талқылау, олардың географикалық жағдайы туралы әңгіме жүргізу.
THE RIVERS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Mississippi is one of the world’s great continental rivers , like the Amazon in South America, the Congo in Africa ,the Volga in Europe, or the Ganges, Amur in Asia .Its waters are gathered from two-thirds of the United States and, together with the Missouri (its chief western branch),the Mississippi flows some 6,400 kilometers from its northern sources in the Rocky mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which makes it one of the world’s longest waterways.
The
Where the Missouri pours into the Mississippi from the West is colours the river deep brown with small pieces of soil. Father downstream, where the clear waters of the principal eastern tributary the Ohio join the Mississippi, evidence of the difference between the dry west and raining east becomes apparent. For kilometers ,the waters of the two rivers flow on side by side, without mixing. Those from the west are brown, they have robbed the soil in areas of vegetation. The waters from the east are clear and blue; they come from hills and valleys where plentiful forest and plant cover has kept the soil from being washed away.
Like the Mississippi, all the rivers in the east of the Rockies finally reach the Atlantic; all the waters to the east of the Rockies finally arrive at the Pacific. For this reason the crests of the Rocky Mountains is known as the Continental Divide. There are many places in the Rockies where a visitor may throw two snowballs in opposite directions and know that each will feed a different ocean.
The two great rivers of The Pacific side are the Colorado in the south ,and the Columbia, which rises in Canada and drains the North .In the dry western country ,both rivers ,very different in character ,they are vital sources of life. The Columbia ,wild in prehistoric times ,cutting and shaping the land,
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now flows with quiet dignity. But the
The
THE NATION OF IMMIGRANTS
Immigrants in US why they came, why they come. The
Nonetheless, it would be very misleading to view America simply as a collection of different immigrant groups and ethnic or religious loyalties. It is not true that there are more Irish ,more German, and more Puerto Ricans living in New York City than there are Dublin, Frankfurt or San Juan .Nor do most New Yorkers think of themselves primarily as Jews ,Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Italians, Germans or Irishmen.
The
WHY THEY CAME, WHY THEY COME
Major changes in the Pattern of immigration have been caused by wars ,revolutions, periods of starvation ,persecutions, religious in toleration, and in short ,by any number of disasters which led people to believe that America was a better place to be. More than a million Irish ,for instance immigrated to America between 1846 and 1851 in order to escape starvation and disease in Ireland. During the same period large number of other Europeans lead political persecution. And in the 1870’s another wave of refugees left the political turmoil of eastern and southern Europe to seek freedom and a future in America. The largest streams of European immigrants came between 1900 and 1920,that is before, after and during World War 1.
At other times ,for example ,during the Depression and during World War II, smaller numbers of immigrants came to the US. Since the 1960s more and more people have seen the poverty and wars in Asia and Latin America in
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the hope of finding a better life in the US. There is ,of course, another side to Americans’ ethnic pluralism and racial variety ,one that Americans, more than any other people are aware of. The first slaves brought to what is today the United States arrived in Virginia on board a Dutch ship in 1619.On the eve of the American Revolution ,slavery was already firmly established in what was shortly to be the United States of the America .In 1776, probably about the fifth of all inhabitants in the British colonies in America were Negro Slaves.
Without a doubt the American immigration experience ,then and now ,is one of the most important factors in American life. All immigrants have contributed to the development of some ”typical” American characteristics. Among these are the willingness to take risk and to strike out of the unknown with independence and optimism. Another is patriotism for the many who feel that they are Americans.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1.Northeast
2. Central Basin
3. Mountains and Deserts
4.
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
Climate and weather
Relief
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Stevenson D.K American Life and Institutions
2. Tomakhin Y. Across the USA
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Лекция 12
1.Лекция тақырыбы: The structure of Government
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. A new nation
2. The constitution and the bills of right
3.The American system of government
3. Лекция мақсаты: АҚШ конституциясымен таныстыру. АҚШ-тың заң шығару, атқару биліктерімен таныстыру.
4. Лекция мазмұны: АҚШКонгресі. Президент және оның қызметтерін үйрету.
“Americans are a nation born of an idea; not the place ,but the idea, created the United States Government.”
1. A NEW NATION
In 1776, the 13 British colonies in America came together ,stood up and told what was the world’s greatest power that from now on they would be free and independent states. The British were neither impressed nor amused and a bitter six-year war followed , the Revolutionary War(1776-1783)It’s hard to appreciate today ,over two centuries later, what a revolutionary act this was. A new republic was founded ,turning into reality the dreams and ideas of a few political philosophers. Americans broke with on age-old tradition and so sent shock waves back across the ocean; they decided that it was their right to choose their own form of government. Something new was under the sun :a system at government ,in Lincoln’s words, ”of the people ,by the people, for the people”
2. THE CONSTITUTION AND THE BILL RIGHT
The Constitution of the US is the central instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. For 200 years, it has guided the evolution of governmental institutions and has provided the basis for political stability, individual freedom, economic growth and social progress.
The former colonies ,now “THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA «first operated under an agreement called the articles of Confederation (1781)
It was soon clear that this loose agreement among the states was not working well. The central, federal government was too weak ,with too few powers for defense, trade & taxation. In 1787,therefore delegates from the states met in Philadelphia .They wanted to revise the articles, but they did much more than that .They wrote a completely new document, the Constitution , which after much argument , debate and compromise was finished in the same year & officially adopted by the 13 states by 1790.
The American Constitution is the worlds oldest written constitution in force, one that has served as the model for a number of other constitutions around the world .
The Constitution, the oldest still in force in the world, sets the basic form of
government: three separate branches each one having powers (“checks & balances “) over the others. It specifies the powers and duties at each federal branch of government, with all other powers and duties belonging to the states .The Constitution has been repeatedly amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but it’s still the “supreme law at the land”. All governments and governmental groups, federal state and local, must operate within its guidelines. The ultimate power under the constitution is not given to the President(the executive branch) or to the supreme Court(the judicial branch).Nor does it rest ,as in many other countries ,with a political group or party. It belongs to “WE THE PEOPLE”, in fact and in spirit.
In this way, Americans first took for themselves the liberties and rights that elsewhere were the privileges of an elite few. Americans would manage their own laws and of course ,they would make their own mistakes .
They stated in the first ten Constitutional Amendments, known together as the Bill of Rights ,what they considered to be the fundamental rights of any American .Among these rights are the freedom at religion, speech and press, the right of peaceful assembly , and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. Other rights guarded ,the citizens against unreasonable searches ,arrests and seizures of property & established a system of justice guaranteeing orderly legal procedures .This included the right of trial by jury ,that is ,being judged by one’s fellow citizens .
The great pride Americans have in their constitution their almost religious respect for it comes from the knowledge that these ideas ,freedoms and rights were not given to them by a small ruling class. Rather they are seen as the natural “unalienable” rights of every American ,which had been taught for and won .They cannot be taken away by any government ,court & official or law.
The federal & state governments formed under the Constitution , therefore ,were designed to serve the people and to carry out their majority wishes(and not the other way around ) One thing they didn’t want their government to do is to rule them .Americans expect their government to serve them and tend to think of politicians and governmental officials as their servants. This attitude remains very strong among Americans today.
Over the past two centuries ,the Constitution has also had considerable influence outside the US .Several other nations have been their own forms of government in it. It’s interesting to note that Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution drafted the French declaration of rights when he returned to France . And the United nation Cuarter also has clear echoes of what once was considered a revolutionary document.
3.THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
The governmental system in the US.- federal state country and local are quite easy to understand ,that is ,if you grew up with them and studied them in school . One foreign expert complained ,for example that the complexity of just the cities political and governmental structure is “almost
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unbelievable. The “real
There are, however ,several basic principles which are found at all levels of American Government .One of these is the “ One person ,one vote” principle which says that legislators are elected from geographical districts directly by the voters. Under this principle ,all election districts must have about the same number of residents. Another fundamental principle of American government it that because of the system of cheeks and balances ,compromise in politics is a matter of necessity, not choice. For ex., the House of Representatives controls spending and finance, so the President must have its agreement for his proposals and programme . He cannot declare war, either ,without the approval of congress. In foreign affairs, he is also strongly limited . Any treaty must first be approved by the senate .If there is no approval ,there is no treaty .The rule is the president proposes, but Congress disposes .What a President wants to do, therefore, is often a different thing from what a President is able to do.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. A new nation
2. The constitution and the bills of right
3. The American system of government
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
Political system of the
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Stevenson D.K American Life and Institutions
2. Tomakhin Y. Across the
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Лекция 13
1.Лекция тақырыбы: The structure of Government
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. Congress
2. President and federal department
3. The judicial branch
4. Checks and balances
5. political parties
3. Лекция мақсаты: Сот биліктерін үйрету. Саяси партиялар туралы мәлімет беру.
4. Лекция мазмұны: АҚШ-тың сот және оның қызметтерімен және саяси партияларымен таныстыру.
1..CONGRESS LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up at the Senate and The House of Representatives. There are 100 senators ,two from each state .One third of the senators are elected every two years for six-year terms at office. The senators represent all of the people in a state and their interests.
The House has 435 members. They are elected every two years for two-year terms. They represent the population of “Congressional districts” into each state is divided. The number of Representatives from each state is based upon its population. For instance ,California ,the state with the largest population ,has 45 Representatives ,while Delware has one . There is no limit to the number of terms a senator or a Representative may serve.
Almost all election in the United States follow the “winner-take-all” principle :the candidate who wins the largest number at votes in a congressional district is the winner.
Congress makes all laws and each House of congress has the power to introduce legislation .Each can also vote against legislation passed by the other. Because legislation only becomes law if both houses agree , compromise between them is necessary . Congress decides upon taxes how much money is spent. In addition, it regulates commerce among the states & with foreign countries .It also sets rules for the naturalization of foreign citizens.
The US congress ,the lawmaking arm of the federal government consists of two houses: The House of Representatives& The Senate . Any congressman in either house ,or the president ,may initiate new legislation .
The Proposed legislation ,or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives, then referred to one at the standing committees, which organizes hearings on it and may approve, amend the draft. If the committee passes the bill ,it’s considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. It passed there. It goes to the Senate for a similar sequence of committee hearings and general debate.
In cases of disagreement, the House of Representatives and the Senate confer together. Once passed by the senate as a whole, the bill has to be examined by two more standing committees –The Committee on House Administration and The Senate Committee on Rules and Administration and is then signed by the speaker at the House and by the President. Finally it must be signed by the president, who has the right to veto it .If the president vetoes a bill, it can still become a law-but only if it’s passed by a two –third majority of both houses of Congress.
2. THE PRESIDENT AND FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS.
The president of the US is elected every four years to a four year term of office, with no more than two full terms allowed. As it is true with Senators and Representatives, the
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President is elected directly by the voters(through state electors)In other words, the political party with the most Senators and Representatives doesn’t choose the President. This means that the President can be from one party and the majority of those in the House of Representatives or Senate(or both)from another. This is not uncommon.
Thus, although one of the parties may win a majority in the midterm election(those held every two years),the President remains President ,even though his party may not have a majority in either house. Such a result could easily hurt his ability to get legislation through Congress, which must pass all laws, but this is not necessarily so. In any case, the President policies must be approved by the House of Representatives and the Senate before they can become law. In domestic as well as in foreign policy, the President can seldom count upon the automatic support of Congress, even when his own party has a majority in both the Senate and the House. Therefore, he must be able to convince Congressmen ,the Representatives and Senators of his point of view. He must bargain and compromise. This is a major difference between the American system and those in which the nation’s leader represents the majority party or parties, that is parliamentary systems.
Within the Executive Branch, there are a number of executive departments. Currently these are departments of State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture ,Commerce ,Labour, Health & Human Resources ,Housing & Urban Development, Transportation, Energy and Education. Each department is established for a specific area. The head of each department is appointed by the President .These appointments, however ,must be approved by the Senate. None of these Secretaries ,as the departments heads are usually called ,can also be serving in Congress or in another part of the government. Each is directly responsible to the President and only serves as long as the Presidents wants him or her to. They can be best be seen ,therefore as Presidential assistant and adviser. When they meet together ,they are termed ”the President’s Cabinet “Some Presidents have relied quite a bit on their Cabinets for advice and some very little.
THE PRESIDENCY
Term of office: Elected by the people. Through the electrical college, to a four-year term; Limited to two terms.
Salary:$ 200.000 plus $ 50.000 allowance for expenses and up to $ 100.000 tax-free for travel & official entertainment.
Inauguration: January 20,following the November general election.
Qualifications: Native-born American citizen at least 35 years old and at least 14 years
a resident of the
Chief Duty: to protect the Constitution and enforce the laws mode by the congress.
Other powers: To recommend legislation to the Congress; to call special sessions of the Congress; to deliver message to the Congress; to veto bills; to appoint federal judges; to appoint heads of federal departments and agencies and other principal federal officials to appoint representatives to foreign countries; to carry on official business with foreign nations; to exercise the function at Commander –in-chief of the armed forces; to grant pardons for offences against the US.
The Presidential term of four years begins on January 20 following November election. The President starts his or her official duties with an inauguration ceremony, traditionally held on the steps of the US. The President publicly takes an oath of office, which is traditionally administered by the justice of the US.
3.THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY.
The federal judiciary is the third branch of government ,in addition to the legislative (Congress) & executive(President ).
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It’s main instrument is the Supreme court, which matches over the other two branches .It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution .
Congress has the power to the fix the number of judges sitting on the Court ,but it cannot change the powers given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution itself. The Supreme Court consist of a chief justice and eight associate justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate .Once approved, they hold office as Supreme Court Justices for life. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court. Neither the President nor Congress can change their decisions. In addition to the Supreme Court, Congress has established 11 federal courts of appeal and below them, 91 federal district courts.
The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases. Those involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state is a party. All other cases which reach the court are appeals from lower courts. Most of the cases involve the interpretation of the Constitution .The Supreme Court also has the “power of judicial review” that it has the right to declare laws of actions of the federal state and local governments unconstitutional .While not stated in the constitution ,this power was established over time.
4.CHECKS & BALANCES.
The Constitution provides for three main branches of government which are separate and distinct from one another. The powers given to each are carefully balanced by the powers of the other two.
Each branch serves as a check on the others. This is to keep any branch from gaining too much power or from misusing its powers. The Chart below illustrates how the equal branches of government are connected and how each is dependent on the other too .Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of Congress. Congress in its turn ,can override a veto by two-third vote in each house. Congress can also refuse to provide funds requested by the President .The President can appoint important officials of his Administration ,but they must be approved by the Senate. The President has also the power to name all federal judges; they also must be approved by the Senate. The courts have the power to determine the constitutionality of all acts of Congress and of Presidential actions and to strike down those they find unconstitutional.
The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. Compromise is also a vital aspect of other levels of government in the US. This system protects against extremes. It means, for example, that new presidents cannot radically change governmental polices just as they wish. In the
5.POLITICAL PARTIES.
The constitution says nothing about political parties, but over time the US has in fact developed a two-party system. The two leading parties are the Democrats and the Republicans .There are other parties besides these two, and foreign observes are often surprised to learn that among these there are also a Communist party and several Socialist parties. Minor parties have occasionally won offices at lower levels of government but they do not play a role in national politics. In fact, one does not need to be a member at a political party too run in any election at any level of government .Also, people can simply declare themselves to be members of one of the two major parties when they registered to vote in a district. Sometimes the Democrats are thought of as associated with
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labour and the Republicans with business and industry. Republicans also tend to oppose the greater involvement of the federal government in some areas of public life which they consider to be the responsibility of the states and communities .Democrats ,on the other hand tend to favor a more active role of the central government in social matters.
To distinguish between the parties is often difficult. Further more, the traditional European terms of “right” and “left” or “ conservative” and ”liberal” do not quite fit the American system. Someone from the “conservative right” for instance, would be against a strong central government. Or a Democrat from one part of the country could be very “liberal», and one from another part quite ”conservative. While some voters will vote a “straight ticket», in other words, for all of the Republican or Democratic candidates in an election ,many do not. They vote for one party’s candidate for one office, and another’s for another. As a result ,the political parties have much less actual power than they do in other nations. In the
In about 70% of legislative decision, congressman will vote with the specific wishes of their constituencies in mind, even if they go against what their own parties might want as national policy.
It’s quite common, in fact, to find Democrats in Congress voting for a Republican President’s legislation, quite a few Republicans voting against it and so on.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. The judicial branch
2. Checks and balances
3. political parties
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
Elections in the USA
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Stevenson D.K American Life and Institutions
2. Tomakhin Y. Across the
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Лекция 14
1.Лекция тақырыбы: The educational system of the USA
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. History of education
2. Elementary and Secondary Education
3. Лекция мақсаты:
Тәуелсіз немесе “паблик скулз” туралы әңгіме өткізу
4. Лекция мазмұны:
1. History
Americans have shown a great concern for education since early colonial times. Among the first settlers, in fact, there were an unusually high proportion of educated men. In the Massachusetts Bay colony in the early 1600-s, as the British historian Rowse has pointed out, “there was an average of one university man to every 40 or 50 families much higher than in Old England”. Some of these men, many of them graduates of
Before the revolution in 1776, nine colleges had already opened in the colonies; most of them later became universities.
From the1640’s on,
The importance of education in American life was also reflected in Ordinance of 1785 and 1787 which guidelines for organizing the new lands to the west. They provided for one square mile of land in each township to be reserved for public schools. The movement for free public schools gained its greatest moment in the 1830s, however. By 1850, every state had provided for a system of free public schools open to all and paid for by public taxes.
By the same year, state-supported colleges and universities had already been established in many states. These included recently settled states such as
By 1900, there were almost a thousand institutions of higher education in the
Today, there are some 43 million pupils and students in public schools at the elementary and secondary levels and another 6 million at private schools throughout the country. In other words, 88 percent of American children attend public schools and 12 percent go to private schools. Four out of five of the private schools are run by churches, synagogues, or the religious groups. Any year, about 12 million Americans are enrolled in the over 3.000 colleges and
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universities of every type: Private, public, church-related, small and large, in cities, and states. Close to 80 percent of the college students attend public institutions, while a little over 50 percents of all high schools graduates enter colleges and universities. The early emphasis given to education remains today. United Nations figures (1980) show that in the amount spent on education per capita, the U.S. is in ninth place in the world (behind Qatar, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Denmark, Switzerland and Canada). Most historians agree that a great deal of the economic, political, scientific, and cultural progress America has made in its relatively short history is due to it’s commitment to the ideal of educating as many Americans as possible, to the best of their abilities. From the early times on, especially in the northern and western states, the public policy was to produce and educated people. In these States, the large majority of adults were literate at a time when an education was still bended to most Europeans. There can be little doubt that American education in its aim to provide equality of opportunity as well as excellence has raised the overall level of educations of Americans. It has encouraged more Americans than ever before to study for advanced degrees and to become involved in specialized research. The belief that the future of society depends on the quantity and quality of its educated citizens is widely held. It explains why a great many Americans are still willing to give more money to education, even during times of economic difficulty.
2
. Elementary and Secondary Education
Because of the great variety of schools and colleges, and the many differences among them, none of the institutions can be singled out as enough basic similarities in structure among the various schools and system to permit some general comments.
Most schools start at the kindergarten level. There are some school districts that do not have this beginning phase, and others which have an additional “pre-school” one. There are almost always required subjects at each level. In some areas and more advanced levels, students can choose some subjects. Pupil who do not do well often have to repeat courses, or have to have special tutoring usually done in and by the schools. Many schools also support summer classes, where students can make up for failed courses or even take extra courses.
In addition to bilingual and bicultural education programs, many schools have reading difficulties. These and other programs repeat the emphasis of American education on trying to increase equality of opportunity. They also attempt to integrate students with varying abilities and backgrounds into an educational system shared by all. At the same time, high school student are given special advanced coursework in mathematics and the sciences. Nationwide talent searches for minority group children with special abilities and academic promise began on a large scale in the 1960 s. These programs have helped to bring more minority children into advanced levels of university education and into the professions.
Like schools in
Many different sports are also available and most schools share their facilities-swimming pools, tennis courts, tracks and stadiums- with the public. Many sports that in other countries are normally offered by private clubs are available to students at no cost in American schools. Often
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the students themselves organize and support school activities and raise money through “car washes”, baby-sitting, bake sales, or by mowing lawns. Parents and local businesses often also
help a group that, for example, has a chance to go to a state music competition, to compute in some sports championship, or take a camping trip. Such activities not only give peoples a chance to be together outside of normal classes, they also help develop a feeling of “school spirit” among the students and in the community.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1.The importance of education
2. Legal influence
3. Cultural influence
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
Public schools
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Stevenson D.K American Life and Institutions
2. Tomakhin Y. Across the
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Лекция 1
5
1.Лекция тақырыбы: The educational system of the USA
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. Higher education
2. Adult and continuing education
3. Лекция мақсаты:
Тәуелсіз немесе “паблик скулз” туралы әңгіме өткізу
4. Лекция мазмұны:
1. Higher Education
The American ideal of mass education for all is matched by awareness that
While the American education system might put off selecting students until much later than do other systems, it does nonetheless select. And it becomes increasingly selective at the higher level. Moreover, because each university generally sets its oven admission standards, the best universities are also most difficult to get into.
Some universities are very selective even at the undergraduate or beginning levels. In 1984 for example, some 15.600 individuals sought admission to
Because these individuals must pay a fee to even apply for admission, these were “serious” applications. Of that number, only 2.500 (about 16 percent) were admitted for the first year of study. It’s interesting to note that 70 percent of those who were accepted had attended public-not private-schools. Many state-supported universities also have fairly rigid admission requirements. The
For Harvard, the figure is 17% (1984). Admission to Law or Medical schools and other graduate programs has always been highly selective. It is true, as often stated, that children who wish someday to go to one of the better universities start working for this goal in elementary school.
Needless to say, those children who have attended better schools, or who come from families with better educated parents, often have an advantage over those who don’t. This remains a problem in the U.S, where equality of opportunity is a central cultural goal. Not surprisingly, the members of racial monitories are the most deprived in this respect. Yet, it is still a fact today, as the BBC commentator Alistair Cooke pointed out in 1972, that
”a black bay has a better chance of going to college here than practically any boy in
In 1985, for instance, 19.4 percent of all Americans 25 years and older had completed four years of college or more. However, the figure for blacks was 11.1 percent and for Hispanics 8.5 percent. Compared with the figures from 1970, when the national average was only 10.7 percent (with 11.3 percent for whites, 4.4 percent for blacks, and 7.6 percent for students of Spanish origin), this does reveal a considerable improvement within just 14 years. Yet, the educational level is still relatively lower for some groups, including women. While 23.1 percent
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of male Americans had four years of college or more in 1985, only 16 percent of women had. The number of students who fail to complete high school, too, is much larger among minority groups. The national average of all 18 to 24-years-olds who did not graduate from high school was 22.1 percent in 1985. For white students it was 20.9 percent, for blacks 28.7 percent, and for Hispanics the figure was as much as 45.8 percent. Many different programs aimed at improving educational opportunities among minority groups exits at all levels-local, state, and federal.
2. Adult and continuing education
The concept of continuing (or lifelong) education is of great to Americans. Every year, over 20 million Americans (that is about 10% of all adults) further their education through participation in part-time instruction. Some estimate that as many as 45 million adult Americans are currently taking courses in universities, colleges, professional associations, government organizations or even churches and synagogues. Most participants in continuing or adult education have a practical goal: they want to update and upgrade their job skills. As a result of economic changes and a rapid advance of the “information age”, the necessity to acquire new occupational skills has increased. Adult education thus fills a need of many Americans who want to improve their chances in a changing job market. This is one explanation for the continuing growth of adult education classes over the past several years. Of course, not all people take courses in adult education do this for job-related purposes. Many simply want to broaden their knowledge or learn something they wood enjoy doing such as printmaking, dancing, or photography.
Continuing education courses are provided mainly by community or junior colleges and mostly take place in the evenings. Over 80 percent of all companies today conduct their own training programs. Many large corporations offer complete degree programs, and some even support their own technical and business colleges and universities. In 1984, close to 6 million students were enrolled in industry- sponged degree programs It is estimated that some 8 million Americans are involved in corporate education of some kind.
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
Public schools
Adult and continuing education
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Stevenson D.K American Life and Institutions
2. Tomakhin Y. Across the
