Y2k Essay, Research Paper

With less than a year until the year 2000. Two seemingly small digits may turn January 1, 2000 from a worldwide celebration into a universal nightmare. With computers mistaking the year 2000 for 1900,almost all businesses that use dates will be affected. Not only will the companies be affected, but they are paying millions upon millions of dollars in order for computers to recognize the difference between the years 2000 and 1900. The year 2000 computer bug is a huge problem that our world must face.

In order to explain how to solve the “millennium bug”, it is a good idea to know a little about what the year 2000 problem is. The year 2000 industry expert, Peter de Jager, described the problem. “We programmed computers to store the date in the following format: dd/mm/yy. This only allows 2 digits for the year. January 1, 2000 would be stored as 01/01/00. But the computer will interpret this as January 1, 1900- not 2000″ (de Jager 1). The ‘19′ is “hard-coded” into computer hardware and software. Since there are only 2 physical spaces for the year in this date format, after ‘99′, the only logical choice is to reset the number to ‘00′.

The impact of Y2K on society is enormous, bringing the largest companies in the world to their knees, pleading for a fix at nearly any cost. “The modern world has come

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to depend on information as much as it has on electricity and running water. Fixing the problem is difficult because there is [less than] a year left to correct 40 years of behavior(work)” (de Jager 1). Alan Greenspan has warned that being 99 percent ready isn’t enough (Widder 2). Chief Economist Edward Yardeni has said that the chances for a worldwide recession to occur because of Y2K are at 40% (Widder 3).

The potential of the problem in everyday life is alarming. Imagine making a loan payment in 1999 for a bill that is due in 2000. The company?s computers could interpret the ‘00′ as 1900 and you would then be charged with 99 years of late fees (Moffitt & Sandler 48). If the year 2000 problem isn’t solved, there could be “no air traffic, traffic lights, no lights in your company, companies could not produce goods, no goods delivered to the stores, stores could not send you bills, you could not send bills to anyone else. Business [could] come to a halt” (de Jager 1).

The costs of fixing Y2K are staggering. The Gartner Group estimates that costs per line of code to be between $1.50 and $2.00 (Conner 1). It is not uncommon for a single company to have 100,000,000 lines of code (de Jager 6). Capers Jones, an expert who has studied software costs for over ten years, estimates total worldwide costs to be One-trillion, 635 billion dollars (Jones 58). To put this number into perspective, if five people were to spend $100 for every second of every day, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, it would take them about 100 years to finish the task!

With the millennium “bug” coming closer and closer to destroying the world’s banks of information every day, experts from around the globe have discovered several

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ways to deal with or “exterminate” this menace. Five major solutions to the problem will now be discussed.

The most straightforward approach to solving Y2K is to simply change the 2-digit date fields to 4-digit ones. This is considered to be the only complete solution to the problem, giving businesses a seemingly endless range of dates for the future. This approach also can make it much easier for the company to reformat the display screens with a hard-coded format present (IBM 5.2).

Unfortunately, expanding the date field from 2 to 4 digits has several downsides to it. The most obvious one is that in order to convert the dates, every program and database that references to date data will have to be modified. These modifications are mostly manual labor- not an automatic process. Also, this requires display screens to be reformatted manually, as well as increasing record lengths in databases (IBM 5.2).

Another common method for swatting the millennium bug involves what is termed “date logic”, or “windowing techniques”. This procedure involves having a separate program to determine which millennium certain dates are in. For example, the program could determine that if the year ends in numbers between 00 and 20, the date is in the second millennium. If the year ends in 21 to 99, the date is in the first millennium. This technique avoids some of the massive changes and coordination associated with the expansion approach (Martin 5).

Date logic routines also have some downsides to them. The most important one is that the “time window” can never be more than 100 years, and the length of the time

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window cannot change in the future. Also, system performance may slow down with this extra step for each date to be processed. On top of that, all of the assumptions and logic must be the same for all of the programs that will use it (IBM 5.7). If and only if all three of these downsides to windowing techniques are able to be overcome, should a business consider this solution.

Another way of getting around 2-digit dates involves a bridge program. This type of solution is used to convert data from one record format to another. This allows a system to convert 2-digit to 4-digit dates as they are needed. This also allows a business to have very little down time for year 2000 renovations. Instead of converting all of the data at one time, it is instead converted gradually. Also, this technique is very cost effective and fairly easy to do (Moffitt & Sandler 5.8). Be aware that a bridge program has the potential to ruin a computer system. By removing the bridge before all data has been converted, 2-digit dates may become mixed with 4-digit dates, creating a larger problem than in the beginning.

Replacing the systems is probably the most straightforward method of solving Y2K. By simply discarding old, non-compliant systems and purchasing new systems that are year 2000 ready, a business can eliminate the year 2000 problem altogether (Martin 6). This avoids the hassle of coming up with solutions to the problem, but presents the difficulties of starting from scratch. This solution should be considered if a company?s systems are too costly to fix, or if there are not very many systems that need to be fixed. Another idea that incorporates the replacement idea is for one company to merge with or

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buy another company that has Y2K compliant systems. Then, the old systems can be retired (Martin 6).

The last alternative that will be discussed is to do nothing to current computer systems that a business may use. This is not the same as ignoring the millennium bug and hoping that it will go away. Instead, it involves analyzing exactly what will happen to a company?s computer systems and determining that the effect it will have is either none or very little (Martin 6). If this would be the case, and employees could work around any damages that may be caused, this selection could work.

Carrying out a solution in any business involves careful planning in order to be successful. Each of the four steps of awareness, planning, and testing are crucial for a company to successfully get beyond the year 2000.

Though the shortest step, the awareness step can be considered to be the most important step. This involves a detailed description of the problem to CEO?s and the other decision makers for the company. Also, the management must be informed of the impact that is likely to occur if Y2K is not solved. Without successfully informing the company executives of the millennium bug, there is no hope of getting funding appropriated and fixes underway (Conner 2).

The preparation and planning involves finding all applications that use dates and choosing the right combination of solutions to result in a successful endeavor. Also, a business must consider any dependencies on outside systems- other companies, for example. In addition to this, a “priority schedule” should be created, to determine which

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systems are absolutely necessary to the operation of the business, and to fix them in accordance to their importance (Conner 2). A standard date interface should be agreed upon both within the company and with all other companies which are relied on. Also, the first estimate of how costly and how prolonged the fixes should be done (Conner 2).

The implementation phase is probably the most tedious phase of year 2000 compliance. This involves taking proposed solutions and incorporating them into a business? computer systems. Depending on which solutions are chosen, and how the solutions affect everyday business, a company?s commerce could be crippled due to the need for various systems to be down at all times (Moffitt & Sandler 66).

Testing the solutions may be seen as an unimportant phase in the conversion process. The rewards seem few, and the costs of are high. However, testing solutions is the only way to ensure that a business will flow smoothly into the 21st century. This procedure involves making sample databases and records to verify that the fixes were made correctly, and that all systems work correctly. During this phase, a few glitches will most likely be found, and correcting these will be relatively easy. There are two common approaches to testing the solutions. The first involves making sure the systems work correctly in the 20th century, testing the computers for the 21st century, and then putting the systems back into everyday use. An advantage of this method is that all of the tests are done at the same times, allowing quicker feedback. The downside is that the amount of down time will be fairly high. The other approach is the same as the first, except switching the second and third items. The systems are first put back into production, and

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then they are tested for year 2000 compliance while they are ensuring the flow of business at the same time. The advantage of this method is that down time is much shorter. However, getting results will take a longer time (Pollner 2-3).

As the year 2000 comes closer and closer, companies are losing precious time in order to swat the millennium bug. The deadline is fixed. The price of survival is high and the only reward is the hope of continuing to operate in the worlds of commerce and industry. Businesses that continue into the next millennium will enjoy the happiness of existence. Companies that fail to act now will probably crumble under their own weight. “The alternative to addressing the year 2000 will be going out of business” (Moffitt & Sandler 3).

Bibliography

Conner, Jim. ?Businesses should get a jump on solving Year 2000 problem.? [Online] December 8, 1997

de Jager, Peter. ?You?ve got to be kidding!? [Online] January 10, 1997

GTE Government Systems Corporation. GTE Proposed Criteria for “Century Compliance”. [Online] December 20, 1996

IBM. ?The Year 2000 & 2-digit dates: a guide for planning and implementation.? [Online] September, 1997

Jones, Capers. ?The Global Economic Impact of the Year 2000 Software Problem.? [Online]

Martin, Robert A. ?Dealing with Dates: Solutions for the Year 2000.? [Online] October 1997

Moffitt, John & Sandler, Robert J. ?The year 2000 FAQ.? [Online] January 14, 1997

Pollner, Andrew. ?Testing Year 2000 conversions.? [Online] January 1998

Reid, W. S. & Brower, S. ?Beyond Awareness: Ten management and ten legal

pitfalls regarding the Year 2000 computer problem that you may have not considered, yet!? [Online] March 17, 1997

Widder, Pat. ?Scramble to catch year 2000 bug is on.? [Online] November 20, 1997