Nitrogen Essay, Research Paper

Nitrogen

Nitrogen, symbol N, gaseous element that makes up the largest

portion of the earth’s atmosphere.

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen is in group 15 (or Va) of

the periodic table.

Nitrogen was discovered by the British physician Daniel

Rutherford in 1772 and recognized as an

elemental gas by the French chemist, Antoine Laurent Lavoiser about

1776.

Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless tasteless, nontoxic gas. It

can be condensed into a colorless

liquid, which can be compressed into a colorless, crystalline solid.

Nitrogen exists in two natural forms,

and four radioactive forms (artificial). Nitrogen melts at -210.01

degrees C, (-349.02 F), boils at -195.79 C

(320.42 F), and has a density of 1.251 g/liter at 0 C (32 F) and 1

atmosphere pressure. The atomic weight

of nitrogen is 14.007.

Nitrogen is obtained from the atmosphere by passing air over

heated copper of iron. The oxygen

is removed from the air, leaving nitrogen mixed with inert gases. Pure

nitrogen is obtained by fractional

distillation of liquid air; because liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling

point than liquid oxygen, the nitrogen

distills of first an can be collected.

Nitrogen compresses about 4/5ths by volume of the atmosphere.

Nitrogen is inert and serves as a

diluent for oxygen in burning and respiration processes. It is an

important element in plant nutrition;

certain bacteria in the soil convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form,

such as nitrate, that can be absorbed by

plants, a process called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen in the form of

protein is an important constituent of

animal tissue. The element occurs in the combined state in minerals, of

which saltpeter (KNO ) and Chile

saltpeter (NaNO ) are commercially important products.

Nitrogen combines with other elements only at very high

temperatures of pressures. It is

converted to an active form by passing through an electronic discharge

at low pressure. The nitrogen so

produced is very active, combining with alkali metals to form azides;

with the vapor of zinc, mercury

cadmium, and arsenic to form nitrides; and with many hydrocarbons to

form hydrocyanic acid and

cyanides, also known as nitriles. Activated nitrogen returns to

ordinary nitrogen in about one minute.

In the combined state nitrogen takes part in many reactions; it

forms so many compounds that a

systematic scheme of compounds containing nitrogen in place of oxygen

was created by the American

chemist Edward Franklin. In compounds nitrogen exists in all the

valence states between -3 and +5.

Ammonia, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine represent compounds in which the

valence of nitrogen is -3, -2,

and -1, respectively. Oxides of nitrogen represent nitrogen in all the

positive valence states.

Most of the nitrogen used in the chemical industry is obtained

by the fractional distillation of

liquid air. It is then used to synthesize ammonia. From ammonia

produced in this manner, a wide variety

of important chemical products are prepared, including fertilizers,

nitric acid, urea, hydrazine, and amines.

In addition, an ammonia compound is used in the preparation of nitrous

oxide (N 0) a colorless gas

popularly known as laughing gas. Mixed with oxygen, nitrous oxide is

used as an anesthetic for some

types of surgery.

Used as a coolant, liquid nitrogen has found widespread

application in the field of cryogenics.

With the recent advent of ceramic materials that become superconductive

at the boiling point of nitrogen,

the use of nitrogen as a coolant is increasing.

In conclusion, it seems as if Nitrogen is very helpful in the

modern world. It is used in dentists

office’s to using it for industrial applications. Without this element

the world would be a little different in

some fields.

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