The Civil War Essay, Research Paper

For minorities, as for other Americans, the Civil War was an opportunity

to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the first mustered into the Union

Army were a De Kalb regiment of German American clerks, the

Garibakdi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a “Polish Legion,” and

hundreds of Irish American youths form Boston and New York. But in

Ohio and Washington, D.C., African American volunteers were turned

away from recruiting stations and told, “This is a white man’s war.” Some

citizens questioned the loyalty of immigrants who lived in crowded city

tenements until an Italian American from Brooklyn turned that around. In

the New York Senate, Democrat Francis Spinola had been a vigorous

foe of Republican policies and Lincoln. But now he swore his loyalty with

stirring words, “This is my flag, which I will follow and defend.” This

speech gave great assurance that the masses in the great cities were

devoted to the Union and ready to enlist for its defense. More than

400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union, including more than

170,00 Germans and more than 150,00 Irish. Many saw their services as

a proud sacrifice. The first officer to die for the Union was Captain

Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlier had fought for

freedom in Europe and then joined Lincoln’s army. Born in Upper Silesia

and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran of democratic

struggles – a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legion’s battles against

Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Some nationalities

contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants

earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. Italian American officer Louis

di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. At Aldie,

Virginia, in 1863, he earned the Medal of Honor and was appointed a

general. He charged unarmed at the foe, read his citation, “rallied his men

…until desperately wounded and taken prisoner in action.” In 1879

Cesnola became director of New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The museum then became, wrote a critic, “a monument to his energy,

enterprise, and rare executive skill.” Italian American privates also won

the Medal of Honor. Joseph Sova of the 8th Cavalry earned it for

capturing the Confederate flag at Appomattox. Private Orlando Caruana

of the 51st Infantry won it at Newburn, North Carolina. With bullets

whizzing past him, he saved wounded men and rescued the U.S. flag. As

1865 came on, the feel of victory was in the Northern air. And so the

Civil War was over. Yet even the ending of the war did not bring real

peace. On Good Friday, April 14, 11 days after Union troops had

entered Richmond, an actor named John Wilkes Booth assassinated

Lincoln as the President watched a play from his box in Ford’s Theater,

Washington, D.C. The one man who might have brought about a just

peace was dead. The Civil War had solved some old problems for the

United States. But it created some new problems as well. But many of the

problems created by the Civil War have been solved. Towns have been

rebuilt, new industries flourish, and new schools have been erected. Most

of the damage of war has been long repaired. North and South both

enjoy prosperity. But many of the human problems still remain. Essay

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