Aushwitz Essay, Research Paper

: (1)

INTRODUCTION

The Holocaust is the most horrifying crime against humanity of

all times. “Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan

race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of

Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population.

He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme.” One of

his main methods of “doing away” with these “undesirable” was

through the use of concentration camps. “In January 1941, in a

meeting with his top officials the ‘final solution’ was decided”.

Jews were to be eliminated from the population. Auschwitz was the

concentration camp that carried out Hitler’s “final solution” in

greater numbers than any other. In this paper I will discuss

concentration camps with a detailed description of the most well-

known one, Auschwitz.

(2)

CONCENTRATION CAMPS

The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. In the

early days of Hitler, concentration camps were places that held

people in protective custody. Victims for protective custody

included those who were both physically and mentally ill, gypsies,

homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi

regime. “Gypsies were classified as people with atleast two gypsy

great grandparents.”

By the end of 1933 there were atleast fifty concentration

camps throughout occupied Europe. “At first, the camps were

controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitler’s

personal security force) were ordered, by Hitler, to control the

camps.”

Camps were set up for different purposes. Some for forced

labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for death/

extermination. Transition camps were set up as holding places for

death camps.

“Henrick Himmler, chief of the German police, the Gestapo,

thought that the camps would provide an economic base for the

soldiers.” This did not happen. The work force was poorly

organized and working conditions were inhumane. Therefore,

productivity was minimal.

Camps were set up along railroad lines, so that the prisoners

would be conveniently close to their destination. As they were

being transported, the soldiers kept telling the Jews to have hope.

(3)

When the camps were finally opened, most of the families who were

shipped out together ended up being separated. Often, the

transports were a sampling of what went on in the camps, cruelty by

the officers, near starvation of those being transported, fetid

and unsanitary conditions on the trains. “On the trains, Jews were

starved of food and water for days. Many people did not survive

the ride to arrive at the camp.”

Jews were forced to obey the guard’s orders from the moment

they arrived at the camps. “If they didn’t, they would be beaten,

put into solitary confinement or shot.” The prisoners usually had

marks on their clothes or numbers on their arms to identify them.

The sanitary conditions of the camps were horrible. “There

was only one bathroom for four hundred people. They had to stand

for hours in snow, rain, heat, or cold for role-call, which was

twice a day.” Within the first few days of being at the camps,

thousands of people died of hunger, starvation and disease. Other

people died from the cruel punishments of the guards; beatings and

torture. “Typhus, a disease caused by germs carried by flies, was

the main disease that spread throughout the camps. Even when

people were sick, they still continued working because they did not

see that sickness meant death.”

In 1937, 7,000 Jews were in camps. By 1938, 10,000 more Jews

were sent to camps. “Jews were taken to camps if they expressed

negative feelings about the government, if they married a non-Jew,

if they were sick (mentally or physically), or if they had a police

record.”

(4)

When someone escaped from the camp, all the prisoners in that

group were shot. Nazis, who claimed that they did not necessarily

hate Jews, but wanted to preserve the Aryan race, seemed to enjoy

making the Jews suffer. They also felt that slavery was better

than killing their prisoners. “Gold fillings, wedding bands,

jewelry, shoes and clothing were taken from the prisoners when they

first entered the camps and were sold.”

Surrounding some of the camps in Poland was a forest, that the

Jews who planned to escape would flee into. Before the escaped

prisoners got very far, they were killed. “When the Germans caught

a Jew planning a rebellion, and the Jew refused to name his/her

associates, the Germans would bring everyone from his/her barracks

out and force him/her to watch the Germans mutilate the others.”

The people who could not run away from the camps dreamt about

revolt.

Special areas of a camp were set aside for medical

experiments. One doctor in a medical unit performed an experiment

in sterilization. “He injected a substance into women’s ovaries to

sterilize them. The injection resulted in temperature and

inflammation of the ovaries.”

Joseph Mengels, one of the most notorious Nazi doctors, hummed

opera tunes when selecting among the new arrivals the victims for

the gas chambers or medical experiments. His women victims for

sterilization were usually 20-30 years of age. “Other experiments

included putting inmates into high pressure chambers to test the

effects of altitude on pilots. Some inmates were frozen to

(5)

determine the best way to revive frozen German soldiers.”

(6)

DEATH CAMPS

“The first death camp, Chelmno, was set up in Poland on

December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the Wannsee

Conference at which time the ‘final solution’ was planned out.”

Usually, the death camps were part of existing camps, but some new

ones were just set up for this purpose. When the prisoners first

arrived at the camps, those sent to the left were transferred to

death camps. When Jews entered the death camps, their suitcases,

baby bottles, shawls, and eyeglasses were taken and were sold.

Once in the death camps the prisoners were again divided.

Women were sent to one side to have their hair shaven and the men

to the other. “They were all sent to the showers, naked with a bar

of soap, so as to deceive them into believing that they were truly

going into a shower. Most people smelled the burning bodies and

knew the truth. ”

There were six death camps; Chelmno, Treblinka, Auschwitz

(Birkenau), Sobibor, Maidanek, and Belzec. These camps used gas

from the shower heads to murder their victims. A seventh death

camp, Mauthausen, used a method called “extermination through

labor”.

(7)

AUSCHWITZ

Auschwitz, located in Poland, was Nazi Germany’s largest

concentration camp. It was established by order of Himmler on

April 27, 1940. At first, it was small because it was a work camp

for Polish and Soviet prisoners of war. It became a death camp in

1941. “Auschwitz was divided into three areas: Auschwitz 1 was the

camp commander’s headquarters and administrative offices.

Auschwitz 2 was called Birkenau and it was the death camp with

forty gas chambers. Auschwitz 3 was a slave labor camp.”

“On the gate of Auschwitz was a sign in German which read,

‘Arbeit macht frei’, which means work makes you free.” Auschwitz

included camp sites a few miles away from the main complex. At

these sites, slave labor was used to kill the people. The working

conditions were so poor that death was a sure result. ” In March

26, 1942, Auschwitz took women prisoners, but after August 16, 1942

the women were housed in Birkenau.”

When the Jews arrived at Auschwitz, they were met with threats

and promises. “If they didn’t do exactly as they were told, they

would be beaten, deprived of food, or shot. From time to time,

they would be assured that things would get better.”

The daily meals in Auschwitz consisted of watery soup,

distributed once a day, with a small piece of bread. In addition,

they got extra allowance consisting of 3/4 ounce of margarine, a

little piece of cheese or a spoonful of watered jam. Everyone in

the camp was so malnourished that if a drop of soup spilled

(8)

prisoners would rush from all sides to see if they could get some

of the soup. “Because of the bad sanitary conditions, the

inadequate diet, the hard labor and other torturous conditions in

Auschwitz, most people died after a few months of their arrival.”

The few people who managed to stay alive for longer were the ones

who were assigned better jobs.

“The prisoners slept on three shelves of wooden slabs with six

of these units to each tier. They had to stand for hours in the

wet and mud during role call, which was twice a day. Some people

thought the reason hundreds of people died, daily, was because when

it rained they lay with wet clothes in their bunks.”

In place of toilets, there were wooden boards with round holes

and underneath them concretes troughs. Two or three hundred people

could sit on them at once. While they were on these troughs they

were watched in order to assure that they did not stay too long.

“There was no toilet paper, so the prisoners used linings of

jackets. If they didn’t have they might steal from someone

else.” The smells were horrible because there wasn’t enough

water to clean the Latrine, the so called bathrooms.

When people were loaded onto trains to be taken to the gas

chambers, they were told that they were being “resettled” in labor

camps. This was one of the many lies told. It was impossible for

the Jews to make out which building was the gas chambers because

they looked presentable from the outside, just like any other

building. Over the gas chambers were well kept lawns with flowers

bordering them. When the Jews were being taken to the gas chambers,

(9)

they thought they were being taken to the baths. “While people

were waiting for them ‘baths’, a group of women prisoners, dressed

in navy skirts and white shirts, played very delightful music.”

“In Auschwitz, Jews were killed by something called Lykon B.

It was hydrogen cyanide which was poured through the ceiling of the

gas chambers and turned into gas. The S.S. commanders of Auschwitz

preferred Lykon B. because it worked fast.”

At first, there were five gas chambers in Auschwitz, the

procedure for gassing was as follows : “About 900 people were

gassed at a time. First they undressed in a nearby room. Then,

they were told to go into another room to be deloused, They filled

the gas chambers like packed like sardines. After a few minutes of

horrible suffering, the victims died. The bodies were then

transported to ovens where they were burned.” The gas chambers

were not large enough to execute great numbers at a time, so

crematoria were built. The crematoria would burn 2,000 bodies in

less than 24 hours. An elevator would take them from the dressing

room to the crematoria. “It took 30 minutes to kill 2,500

victims, but close to 24 hours to burn the bodies.”

Many Jews and non – Jews tried to escape from Auschwitz. Some

succeeded. Of course they wanted to inform the world of what was

going on. Those who escaped wrote descriptions of the horrors they

suffered. Information spread to many countries, yet no countries

seemed to do anything to help the situation. In fact, as the war

progressed, the number of prisoners increased. “In total, between

1.5 and 3.5 million Jews were murdered at Auschwitz between the

(10)

years 1940 and 1945.” Where were our brothers in America when

millions of Jews died?

(11)

CONCLUSION

The Nazis, under Hitler, organized the destruction of the

Jews. Why they did it is unknown. Perhaps it was because of a

history of tension between the Christians and Jews, or perhaps,

because Hitler needed a scapegoat for Germany’s problems.

People throughout history have been murdered; but never as

many people as during the Holocaust in such a short period of time.

1/3 of all the Jews in the world were eliminated. “The estimated

total is somewhere around six million. This number included Jews

from all over Europe. There were also 500,000 non- Jews

murdered.”

Hitler’s method of killing the jews and other undesirable

people was first by torture and then by plain murder. In the early

days of his leadership, he took away their rights as citizens and

then as people. They were treated like slaves and lived like

animals. After 1942, his goal was to exterminate all Jewish and

“unpure” people. Many Jews were killed before that date, but they

were a small number compared to the mass murdering of the

Holocaust.

” We Must Never Forget ” are the words that every Jew must

remember. By not forgetting, we are preventing another holocaust

from occurring. We are also letting the entire world know and

remember the millions of loved ones lost in the horrible killing

that we call the holocaust.

(12)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bauer, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust. New York: Franklin

Watts, 1982.

Chartock, Roselle. The Holocaust Years: Society on Trial. New

York: Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978.

Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust – A History of the Jews of Europe

During the Second World War. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston,

1985.

Meltzer, Milton. Never to Forget the Jews of the Holocaust. New

York: Harper & Row, 1976.

Rossel, Seymour. The Holocaust. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981.

“Concentration Camps”, Encyclopedia Judaica. 1972 ed., Keter

Publishers.

“Concentration Camp Conditions Reported Worse”, New York Times,

(March 7, 1940), page 8.

“It Happened to Me”, Sassy, (May 1991), page 24.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction page 1

Concentration Camps pages 2-5

Death Camps page 6

Auschwitz pages 7-10

Conclusion page 11

Bibliography page 12

Endnotes pages 13-14

AUSCHWITZ

CONCENTRATION CAMP / DEATH CAMP

CLASS 8-J

. Milton Meltzer. Never to Forget the Jew of the Holocaust. (New

York; Harper & Row, 1976) page 3

. Meltzer, page 5

. Yehuda Bauer. A History of the Holocaust. (New York; Franklin

Watts, 1982) page 205

. Meltzer, page 28

. Bauer, page 208

. Seymour Rossel. The Holocaust. (New York; Franklin Watts, 1981)

page 76

. Rossel, page 77

. Rossel, page 77

. Rossel, page 78

. Martin Gilbert. The Holocaust – A History of the Jews of

Europe During the Second World War. (New York; Holt, Rinehart &

Winston, 1985) page 127

. Rossel, page 86

. Rossel, page 101

. Bauer, page 219

. Bauer, page 219

. Bauer, page 208

. Rossel, page 79

. Gilbert, page 210

. Bauer, page 214

. ” It Happened to Me “. Sassy, New York. May, 1991, page 24

. “Auschwitz”. Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 1, page 854

. Gilbert, page 376

. Roselle Chartock, The Holocaust Year; Society on Trial. (New

York; Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978) page 5

. Chartock, page 4

. Chartock, page 7

. Chartock, page 3

. Meltzer, page 130

. “Concentration Camp Conditions Reported Worse”.The New York

Times, New York, March 7, 1940, page 8

. Baker, page 215

. Baker , page 215

. Rossel, page 1

(1)

INTRODUCTION

The Holocaust is the most horrifying crime against humanity of

all times. “Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan

race, decided that all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of

Nazism, and Jews were to be eliminated from the German population.

He proceeded to reach his goal in a systematic scheme.” One of

his main methods of “doing away” with these “undesirable” was

through the use of concentration camps. “In January 1941, in a

meeting with his top officials the ‘final solution’ was decided”.

Jews were to be eliminated from the population. Auschwitz was the

concentration camp that carried out Hitler’s “final solution” in

greater numbers than any other. In this paper I will discuss

concentration camps with a detailed description of the most well-

known one, Auschwitz.

(2)

CONCENTRATION CAMPS

The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. In the

early days of Hitler, concentration camps were places that held

people in protective custody. Victims for protective custody

included those who were both physically and mentally ill, gypsies,

homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews and anyone against the Nazi

regime. “Gypsies were classified as people with atleast two gypsy

great grandparents.”

By the end of 1933 there were atleast fifty concentration

camps throughout occupied Europe. “At first, the camps were

controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitler’s

personal security force) were ordered, by Hitler, to control the

camps.”

Camps were set up for different purposes. Some for forced

labor, others for medical experiments and, later on, for death/

extermination. Transition camps were set up as holding places for

death camps.

“Henrick Himmler, chief of the German police, the Gestapo,

thought that the camps would provide an economic base for the

soldiers.” This did not happen. The work force was poorly

organized and working conditions were inhumane. Therefore,

productivity was minimal.

Camps were set up along railroad lines, so that the prisoners

would be conveniently close to their destination. As they were

being transported, the soldiers kept telling the Jews to have hope.

(3)

When the camps were finally opened, most of the families who were

shipped out together ended up being separated. Often, the

transports were a sampling of what went on in the camps, cruelty by

the officers, near starvation of those being transported, fetid

and unsanitary conditions on the trains. “On the trains, Jews were

starved of food and water for days. Many people did not survive

the ride to arrive at the camp.”

Jews were forced to obey the guard’s orders from the moment

they arrived at the camps. “If they didn’t, they would be beaten,

put into solitary confinement or shot.” The prisoners usually had

marks on their clothes or numbers on their arms to identify them.

The sanitary conditions of the camps were horrible. “There

was only one bathroom for four hundred people. They had to stand

for hours in snow, rain, heat, or cold for role-call, which was

twice a day.” Within the first few days of being at the camps,

thousands of people died of hunger, starvation and disease. Other

people died from the cruel punishments of the guards; beatings and

torture. “Typhus, a disease caused by germs carried by flies, was

the main disease that spread throughout the camps. Even when

people were sick, they still continued working because they did not

see that sickness meant death.”

In 1937, 7,000 Jews were in camps. By 1938, 10,000 more Jews

were sent to camps. “Jews were taken to camps if they expressed

negative feelings about the government, if they married a non-Jew,

if they were sick (mentally or physically), or if they had a police

record.”

(4)

When someone escaped from the camp, all the prisoners in that

group were shot. Nazis, who claimed that they did not necessarily

hate Jews, but wanted to preserve the Aryan race, seemed to enjoy

making the Jews suffer. They also felt that slavery was better

than killing their prisoners. “Gold fillings, wedding bands,

jewelry, shoes and clothing were taken from the prisoners when they

first entered the camps and were sold.”

Surrounding some of the camps in Poland was a forest, that the

Jews who planned to escape would flee into. Before the escaped

prisoners got very far, they were killed. “When the Germans caught

a Jew planning a rebellion, and the Jew refused to name his/her

associates, the Germans would bring everyone from his/her barracks

out and force him/her to watch the Germans mutilate the others.”

The people who could not run away from the camps dreamt about

revolt.

Special areas of a camp were set aside for medical

experiments. One doctor in a medical unit performed an experiment

in sterilization. “He injected a substance into women’s ovaries to

sterilize them. The injection resulted in temperature and

inflammation of the ovaries.”

Joseph Mengels, one of the most notorious Nazi doctors, hummed

opera tunes when selecting among the new arrivals the victims for

the gas chambers or medical experiments. His women victims for

sterilization were usually 20-30 years of age. “Other experiments

included putting inmates into high pressure chambers to test the

effects of altitude on pilots. Some inmates were frozen to

(5)

determine the best way to revive frozen German soldiers.”

(6)

DEATH CAMPS

“The first death camp, Chelmno, was set up in Poland on

December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the Wannsee

Conference at which time the ‘final solution’ was planned out.”

Usually, the death camps were part of existing camps, but some new

ones were just set up for this purpose. When the prisoners first

arrived at the camps, those sent to the left were transferred to

death camps. When Jews entered the death camps, their suitcases,

baby bottles, shawls, and eyeglasses were taken and were sold.

Once in the death camps the prisoners were again divided.

Women were sent to one side to have their hair shaven and the men

to the other. “They were all sent to the showers, naked with a bar

of soap, so as to deceive them into believing that they were truly

going into a shower. Most people smelled the burning bodies and

knew the truth. ”

There were six death camps; Chelmno, Treblinka, Auschwitz

(Birkenau), Sobibor, Maidanek, and Belzec. These camps used gas

from the shower heads to murder their victims. A seventh death

camp, Mauthausen, used a method called “extermination through

labor”.

(7)

AUSCHWITZ

Auschwitz, located in Poland, was Nazi Germany’s largest

concentration camp. It was established by order of Himmler on

April 27, 1940. At first, it was small because it was a work camp

for Polish and Soviet prisoners of war. It became a death camp in

1941. “Auschwitz was divided into three areas: Auschwitz 1 was the

camp commander’s headquarters and administrative offices.

Auschwitz 2 was called Birkenau and it was the death camp with

forty gas chambers. Auschwitz 3 was a slave labor camp.”

“On the gate of Auschwitz was a sign in German which read,

‘Arbeit macht frei’, which means work makes you free.” Auschwitz

included camp sites a few miles away from the main complex. At

these sites, slave labor was used to kill the people. The working

conditions were so poor that death was a sure result. ” In March

26, 1942, Auschwitz took women prisoners, but after August 16, 1942

the women were housed in Birkenau.”

When the Jews arrived at Auschwitz, they were met with threats

and promises. “If they didn’t do exactly as they were told, they

would be beaten, deprived of food, or shot. From time to time,

they would be assured that things would get better.”

The daily meals in Auschwitz consisted of watery soup,

distributed once a day, with a small piece of bread. In addition,

they got extra allowance consisting of 3/4 ounce of margarine, a

little piece of cheese or a spoonful of watered jam. Everyone in

the camp was so malnourished that if a drop of soup spilled

(8)

prisoners would rush from all sides to see if they could get some

of the soup. “Because of the bad sanitary conditions, the

inadequate diet, the hard labor and other torturous conditions in

Auschwitz, most people died after a few months of their arrival.”

The few people who managed to stay alive for longer were the ones

who were assigned better jobs.

“The prisoners slept on three shelves of wooden slabs with six

of these units to each tier. They had to stand for hours in the

wet and mud during role call, which was twice a day. Some people

thought the reason hundreds of people died, daily, was because when

it rained they lay with wet clothes in their bunks.”

In place of toilets, there were wooden boards with round holes

and underneath them concretes troughs. Two or three hundred people

could sit on them at once. While they were on these troughs they

were watched in order to assure that they did not stay too long.

“There was no toilet paper, so the prisoners used linings of

jackets. If they didn’t have they might steal from someone

else.” The smells were horrible because there wasn’t enough

water to clean the Latrine, the so called bathrooms.

When people were loaded onto trains to be taken to the gas

chambers, they were told that they were being “resettled” in labor

camps. This was one of the many lies told. It was impossible for

the Jews to make out which building was the gas chambers because

they looked presentable from the outside, just like any other

building. Over the gas chambers were well kept lawns with flowers

bordering them. When the Jews were being taken to the gas chambers,

(9)

they thought they were being taken to the baths. “While people

were waiting for them ‘baths’, a group of women prisoners, dressed

in navy skirts and white shirts, played very delightful music.”

“In Auschwitz, Jews were killed by something called Lykon B.

It was hydrogen cyanide which was poured through the ceiling of the

gas chambers and turned into gas. The S.S. commanders of Auschwitz

preferred Lykon B. because it worked fast.”

At first, there were five gas chambers in Auschwitz, the

procedure for gassing was as follows : “About 900 people were

gassed at a time. First they undressed in a nearby room. Then,

they were told to go into another room to be deloused, They filled

the gas chambers like packed like sardines. After a few minutes of

horrible suffering, the victims died. The bodies were then

transported to ovens where they were burned.” The gas chambers

were not large enough to execute great numbers at a time, so

crematoria were built. The crematoria would burn 2,000 bodies in

less than 24 hours. An elevator would take them from the dressing

room to the crematoria. “It took 30 minutes to kill 2,500

victims, but close to 24 hours to burn the bodies.”

Many Jews and non – Jews tried to escape from Auschwitz. Some

succeeded. Of course they wanted to inform the world of what was

going on. Those who escaped wrote descriptions of the horrors they

suffered. Information spread to many countries, yet no countries

seemed to do anything to help the situation. In fact, as the war

progressed, the number of prisoners increased. “In total, between

1.5 and 3.5 million Jews were murdered at Auschwitz between the

(10)

years 1940 and 1945.” Where were our brothers in America when

millions of Jews died?

(11)

CONCLUSION

The Nazis, under Hitler, organized the destruction of the

Jews. Why they did it is unknown. Perhaps it was because of a

history of tension between the Christians and Jews, or perhaps,

because Hitler needed a scapegoat for Germany’s problems.

People throughout history have been murdered; but never as

many people as during the Holocaust in such a short period of time.

1/3 of all the Jews in the world were eliminated. “The estimated

total is somewhere around six million. This number included Jews

from all over Europe. There were also 500,000 non- Jews

murdered.”

Hitler’s method of killing the jews and other undesirable

people was first by torture and then by plain murder. In the early

days of his leadership, he took away their rights as citizens and

then as people. They were treated like slaves and lived like

animals. After 1942, his goal was to exterminate all Jewish and

“unpure” people. Many Jews were killed before that date, but they

were a small number compared to the mass murdering of the

Holocaust.

” We Must Never Forget ” are the words that every Jew must

remember. By not forgetting, we are preventing another holocaust

from occurring. We are also letting the entire world know and

remember the millions of loved ones lost in the horrible killing

that we call the holocaust.

(12)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bauer, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust. New York: Franklin

Watts, 1982.

Chartock, Roselle. The Holocaust Years: Society on Trial. New

York: Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978.

Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust – A History of the Jews of Europe

During the Second World War. New York: Holt, Reinhardt & Winston,

1985.

Meltzer, Milton. Never to Forget the Jews of the Holocaust. New

York: Harper & Row, 1976.

Rossel, Seymour. The Holocaust. New York