Death Of Salesman And Crucible Essay, Research Paper

Arthur Miller, winner of many literary and dramatic awards, is an incredibly

influential force in American drama. His plays deal with issues common to every

society. He makes the audience face fault, weakness, and ignorance; subjects we

would typical hide from. At the same time he emphasizes strength, human spirit,

and familial love. Alice Griffin believes that Miller’s plays are important

internationally (xii). He belongs to an international theater rather than a

regional theater (Heilman 170). His plays are staged and studied by students to

understand American life in Russia, P and, Iceland, Brazil, Italy, France,

Germany, Czech Republic, and China to name a few (Griffin xi). Miller’s works

thrived in England. The University of East Angelia named it’s center the Arthur

Miller Centre (Griffin 1). They can relate to the sense f identity, honor,

recognition, and familial love (Griffin Preface). In a production in Beijing,

Miller explained to a Chinese actor playing Biff the son’s feelings of guilt and

"painfully requited" love for his father, the actor understood as it

is v y Chinese (Morath 79). The phenomenon of Death of a Salesman has been the

same all over the world. Audiences all have a sense of their life story of their

father, uncle, or brother (Griffin 35). In real life Miller had an Uncle Manny

who had two sons ho were in competition with Miller and his brother. Manny ended

his own life because he failed at business. Miller’s personal history is

demonstrated in his sensitive and passionate writing in Death of a Salesman

(Griffin 41). The Crucible (1952) was originally intended to be called Those

Familiar Spirits, referring to a spirit that a witch presumably sends out to

torment her victims. However, the well area at the bottom of a blast furnace is

known as the crucible, it is whe the molten steels collects being entirely

broken down due to immense heat. Miller thought that this was a precise metaphor

for what happened in Salem. Crucible also means a harsh trial or examination.

John Proctor’s integrity was surely investigated. He chose to die instead of

confessing to being evil. According to Raymond Williams, The Crucible is a

powerfully successful dramatization of the notorious witch trials of Salem. It

is technically less interesting than its previous ones because it is b ed on a

historical event which is explicit enough to solve, the difficult dramatic

problems which Miller had originally set himself. Miller brilliantly expresses a

particular crisis "the modern witch hunt" in his own society, but it

is not often, in ou own world, that the issues and statements so clearly emerge

in a naturally dramatic form (13). Miller used the Salem Witch Trials of the

17th century, to make an indirect, but assertive comment upon McCarthyism in

American life (Richard Watt, Jr. 536). In 1953, when the play was produced, the

United States was in social and political turmoil. Joseph McCarthy a Senator

from Wisconsin and the play in comparison were both significantly politically

infamous. The Senator was responsible for the investiga ons to find communists

in the State Department, Hollywood, and the U.S. Army. These investigations

created fear and suspicion within our society. McCarthy was eventually found

guilty of misusing his authority (Watts vii). Before being found guilty S ator

McCarthy accused the Democratic administration of sheltering and helping

Communists in the American government. It was a fearful time similar to that in

Salem. The United States government called McCarthy’s activities witch-hunts. In

The Crucibl Miller mentions that McCarthy accuses individuals of being Communist

if they opposed him. Any government official who criticized his hearings was

soon found to be defending himself against the charge of being involved in a

Communist conspiracy. Miller mpared McCarthy to the Salem judges in a broad

sense (Cliffnotes 52). In 1953 The Crucible was attacked as a comparison to the

current Senate "witch hunts." Critics said it was not a good play at

that time, however, later it was found to be superior. he House Un-American

Activities Committee summoned Miller to a hearing. Miller refused to name others

as communist sympathizers. He also said that he would only take responsibility

for himself and not others. Miller was fined and given a thirty day s pended

jail sentence because he spoke out like John Proctor in The Crucible (Griffin

7). During the McCarthyism period witnesses refused to answer questions and when

they did they were scorned (Bentley 302). Thousands of people who refused to

answer q stions and confess were executed during the seventeenth century.

Authorities believed that "believing in witches was extensive in America

and Europe" (Cliffnotes 44 – 45). Eric Bentley provides us with information

that "Arthur Miller had tried to apot osize this heroic refusal to speak in

dramatic literature (The Crucible). In real life, unhappily, such refusal was

rendered suspect and ambiguous by its whole background in the life and hates of

the Communist Party" (302). Cushing Scott states that, "Miller has

argued for (the) historical truth (of the play), pointed to its contemporary

parallels, and defined its transhistorical subject as a social process that

includes, but also transcends, the Salem witchcraft trials a the anticommunist

investigations of the 1950’s" (128). However, Miller was interested in the

witch trials before he opposed McCarthyism however. He decided to write the play

telling about the fear and hysteria McCarthyism caused. His play makes clea the

facts from the past that sinners and guilty people were mistaken for witches in

Salem (Bu*censored* 128 -129). Elsom writes that Arthur Miller wrote about

witch-hunting in Salem but it was really an indirect commentary on Joe McCarthy

and the congression sub-committees investigating un-American activities. (140)

Joe McCarthy probably thought of Arthur Miller as a "dangerous communist

subversive," but in Europe he was regarded to be agreeably "left

wing" (Elsom 139). After a few years McCarthy had died and the committees

were dissolved. The Crucible was included in schools as a modern classic.

"A political jou alist might have summed up Arthur Miller’s achievement

like this: he had helped to rally the moderates against the forces of extreme

right-wing reaction" (Elsom 140). Guilt… was directly responsible for the

’social compliance’ which resulted in McCarthy’s reign of terror in the 1950’s:

‘Social compliance’… is the result of the sense of guilt which individuals

strive to conceal by complying… It was a guilt, in this historic sense,

resulting from their awareness that they were not as Rightist as people were

suppose to be (Bu*censored* 133). The Crucible made a statement for the subject

of the free man’s fight against emotional terrorism to put him down. Arthur

Miller was completely involved with the social and moral problems of American

society and inevitably made an impact on the world. he danger from Russian

subversion was a more obvious danger than the witch hunts of innocent people in

17th century Massachusetts (Watts viii). The comparison in 1953 was harmful to

Arthur Miller and his drama. The similarities of the two eras dealing ith

freedom of judgment against barbaric control remains an issue today.

Witch-hunting and the evil Salem trials in The Crucible was a work of social

dramatic art making a statement of evil intolerance for global history (Watts

viii). Miller wrote The rucible to prevent history frm repeating itself. Miller

does not use an ordinary plot in The Crucible. "… tension inheres in

episodic conflicts rather than in an over-all advancing action. The sense of an

evolving general situation, so well achieved by tight structure in The

Crucible… is larg y gone" (Heilman 151). Heilman states that Miller,

turned to more vigorous characters who cause suffering rather than

uncomprehendingly suffer, he portrayed an evil rooted in human nature

overwhelming the community, he made advances toward complexity of motive, and he

began to discover inner division (160). In Salem, Massachusetts, a black slave

woman and twelve teenage girls were caught dancing around a bubbling cauldron in

the woods, despite the fact that dancing was not allowed by the Puritans. The

Puritan government ruled the church in 1692 and relig n believed that women who

dance with the Devil are witches. Fearing being hanged the girls blamed each

other. Everyone in the town panicked and began accusing everyone else of

witchcraft. The Puritans believed that the Devil was continually enticing man.

If a person sinned they had to confess it, regret it, a perform some act of

penance. To avoid being hanged many people in The Crucible confessed to sins

they did not commit. Fearing that she would be damned forever Rebecca Nurse

refused to confess. Adultery was one of the worst sins someone could commit. The

Puritans also thought that anything pleasant was the work of the Devil,

therefore, they were a serious and fearful group. It was an atrocious sin for

children to even dance, so to avoid punishment they would pretend to be under

the spell of the Dev . The Puritans believed that a person became a witch by

entering into an agreement with the Devil. They further believed that the Devil

or one of his witches could take over the body of an innocent person (Cliffnotes

44 – 47). It is a complex story b Miller makes it easier because he starts each

new act telling us of the dreadful possibilities and ending each act with the

possibilities happening. Miller uses a repetitive style of questions and answers

forming the rhythm of the play. The story is t d in John Proctor’s perspective

(Barron’s Booknotes 7 – 8). The Crucible has a narrator, a voice not a

character, that tells us about the characters and the action and helps us to

understand the moral implications. The director of the l958 off-Broadway revival

for The Crucible drew the consequences of the revised text and introduced ‘a

narrator,’ called The Reader, to set the scenes and give the historical

background of the play. The introduction of a ‘narrator’ element in The Crucible

is closely related to Miller’s attempts to have a separate voice present the

author’s view of the ‘generalized significance’ of the ‘action’ in the later

play (Overland 57). The Crucible has a "series of non-dramatic interpolated

passages in the first act, where the playwright takes on the roles of historian,

novelist and literary critic, often all at once, speaking himself ex cathedra

rather than through his character ex ena" are concerned with motivation.

"Psychological, religious and socioeconomic explanations of the trials are

given… Miller has also been seen to depart from the second of his basic

principles of playwriting in introducing narrative and expository p sages into

The Crucible" (Overland 57 – 60). Overland writes that Miller tends to

confuse the characters with the real people with the same names from the

seventeenth century, such as Parris, Putnam, Rebecca, and Francis Nurse (60).

"Conflict between a man’s raw deeds and his conception of himself,"

poses as the struggle for John Proctor to attain high standards. To understand

the character Proctor it is important to realize his sense of guilt, which is

made clear to us by Elizab h’s remarks and his behavior. Individual tragedy to

John Proctor is the back bone of the play. The first Puritans struggled to

survive. John Proctor and John Hale went against the order of the Puritan

society in The Crucible. Reverend Hale declares at the Devil can delude God so

he can certainly fool humans. (Cliffnotes 43). During the witch trials there

would be no half way point it was either black or white. If guilty you were to

be hanged. You had to remain obedient. Rebecca Nurse symbolize a wise woman who

knew her place, the place of the church and the dangers of witchcraft. The

danger could be brought forth at any time within the play. The confrontations

within the play were brought together in precise detail but the powerful were

bro ht to a lower level throughout the play. You could not be fearful or you

would be among the guilty. Ezekiel Cheever arrested Elizabeth Proctor, even

though he was on her side, because he had no other choice. Abigail Williams was

described by Rebecca "the very brick and mortar of the church." All

hell broke loose due to the evil of Abigail Williams, seeking revenge on the

Proctors when John stopped the affair. Miller writes as though he belittles his

characters and condemns them as he sees fit to unt down all dwellers of the

Salem society. The irony was that the purist of the citizens hunted down the

innocent people and plagued them with crimes, when they themselves were now a

part of the crime of the hunt. Hale was the first to come to the re ity to

oppose the view of the court proceedings and terminate his position in the

court. It was better to hang innocent people than to admit to a wrong doing. Old

Goodby Osborne was found guilty of witchcraft because she could not remember the

commandm ts (Cliffnotes 43). Hale later in the play realizes that this is wrong

and tries to convince Proctor to flee for his life which leads to the most

dramatic scene of confrontation. John Proctor is caught in the tangled web he

has woven between his wife, riends, and himself and the entire Salem community.

Proctor did not want to be a part of the trials and was forced to make important

decisions. He was also accused of being a witch. His destiny relies on his

choices. He becomes a rebel against the c rch and now he must sign a confession.

John Hale tries to convince Proctor’s wife to get him to sign. Elizabeth replies

with "I think that be the Devils argument." Which means John Proctor

knows inside himself what he will do and no one else will cha e his mind. John

Proctor mulled this over and over and he finally came to a decision. A once weak

man now had the authority to make a commitment to mankind. He has chosen to die

an honest man. "He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from hi

" Charity and justice are major features of human relationships, both

public and private. "These issues, therefore, not only frame the play, but

specifically define the relationship between John and Elizabeth Proctor, and

they largely determine the co se of their tragedy" (Bu*censored* 135). We

recognize our own victory over evil from our Puritan past because of the

struggles for justice in characters like John Proctor. The Crucible practically

has all of the qualifications of a successful tragedy as Miller imagines them to

be. "Yet it c not be said to reach ‘those heights where the breath fails’

because it lacks something far more important to drama: that sense of vividly

and fully imagined character that made of Willy Loman a kind of modern

Everyman" states Clinton W. Trowbridge (44). It is apparent that Danforth

and Hathorne are a threat to freedom. Proctor is not a threat to freedom because

he does not have the power or authority. The Puritans became dangerous and

powerful in the new world. Also powerful is the richest man in Sa m, Thomas

Putnam. He gets land by having his daughter accuse others of witchcraft. Indeed,

the apparent difference between Proctor and the Puritans serves only to stress

how corrupting power can become in the hands of a certain kind of person, the

Puritan American who is obsessed by his own guilt and driven by the desire to

determine sanctity in himself and in others, and to make it conform to the

visible human being (Bu*censored* 131). It is ironic that Proctor is a victim of

what he opposes. As well as John Proctor adding to his own disaster, the

Reverend John Hale finds that in trying to solve a horror he creates a horror.

"He could be a tragic hero, but his role is minor: throug him, then, the

play has a ‘tragic accent’ " (Heilman 324 – 325). Arthur Miller was not

satisfied with the original version of The Crucible so he added additional data.

Overland reports that Miller added a scene to explain Abigail’s behavior even

though it was not needed (57). Miller does not accomplish artistic d th in The

Crucible "because of his inability to project seventeenth century

sensibilities and thus to sympathize with them." The play, according to

many critics, "is not seriously historical and, therefore, not seriously

literary or political. This pl seems to fail to reach the social, historical,

and moral depth of a great work of art, because it cannot imaginatively conjure

the world that it pretends to describe" (Levin 127). The Crucible, some

critics say, is a controversial and a modern virtuous lay. Miller has created a

community disturbance too far-reaching to result from an evil plot of a simple

villain according to Heilman (144 – 145). "The Crucible is an argument in

favor of moral flexibility. The fundamental flaws in the nature of the Puritan

elders and by extension of the McCarthyites, as Miller sees it, is precisely

their extreme tendency toward moral absolutism" (Bu*censored* 129). wants

to abolish these factors. Critics say that there is a balanced cast of sinners

and non-sinners who deserve our sympathy. Despite the continuing serious crimes

by judges Danforth and Hathorne, there is a moral education in the characters

Hale an Parris. Goody Nurse and Giles Corey symbolize "unabated moral

sanity and good will" (Bu*censored* 130). John Proctor is a basic hero who

opposes evil. He was, however, indiscreet with Abigail Williams, this of course

is only a fabrication by Miller. Mill ’s plays constantly stress the value of

the nuclear family, the ties of loyalty between husband and wife, and their

protectiveness towards their children. Marriage can be destroyed… soured by

nagging sexual guilt (as the The Crucible),… it nevertheless remains an

emotional stronghold, the instinctive centre of people’s lives, without which

society itself falls in anarchy and self-destruction (Elsom 140 – 141). Proctor

does in some ways represent an enemy to the community because he does not like

the representative of the church. He doesn’t go to church regularly and did not

take his sons to be baptized. Moral judgments are made by the good people and

Salem’ leaders. "The courts condemn the "witches," to be sure,

and this act is the most flagrant example of over-zealous righteousness in the

play" (Bu*censored* 130). The town is unmerciful in its destruction of

witchcraft. Miller originally thought of naming his play The Inside of His Head

instead of Death of a Salesman. He wanted a huge head to appear and then open up

so that we could see inside. This, in dramatic terms, is expressionism, and

correspondingly the guilt of William Loman is not… a single act, subject to

public process, needing complicated grouping and plotting to make it emerge; it

is rather, the consciousness of a whole life. Thus the expressionist method, in

the final form of the play, is not a casual experiment, but rooted in the

experience. It is the drama of a single mind, and moreover, it would be false to

a more integrated – or less disintegrating – personality (Williams 11 – 12).

Through the years expressionism has become sensitive to the experience of

weakening. It can be categorized in two ways, personal and social. "The

continuity from social expressionism remains clear, however, for I think in the

end it is not Willy Loma as a man, but the image of the Salesman, that

predominates," maintains Williams. The social theme in the alienation of

Willy is his transition from selling goods to selling himself. He becomes the

merchandise which will at some time become economicall useless. The convincing

sense of Death of a Salesman is one of false awareness, "…the conditioned

attitudes in which Loman trains his sons – being broken into by real

consciousness, in actual life and relationships. The expressionist method

embodies his false consciousness much more powerfully than naturalism could

do" (Williams 12). Slang is used perfectly in the play because it is a

result of their lifestyle. In 1950 Death of a Salesman was attacked in America

as part of a communist movement threatening the American way of life and

capitalism. Stage productions and movie shows were closed because Senator Joseph

McCarthy accused individuals in this field o being communists. Actors, writers,

and directors confessed to socialist principals to save their careers. Those who

denied the charges found themselves unemployed (Griffin 5). Death of a Salesman

is one of the lasting plays of our time. It’s strength lies in the ability to

evoke sympathy and pity rather than fear and incite anger and controversy

(Trowbridge 43). Probably the most significant comment about Death of a Salesm

is not its literary achievement but the impact it has had on readers and viewers

in America and overseas. Its influence continues to grow in world theatre

(Jackson 36). Death of a Salesman has been described by Professor Francis

Fergusson as "poetry n the theatre" (Jackson 35). It is a myth which

projects before the spectator an image of the protagonist’s consciousness. The

playwright attempts to reveal a tragic progression within the consciousness of

the protagonist. He employs, as the instrumentation of vision, a complex theatre

symbol: a union of gesture, word, and music; light, color, and pattern; rhythm

and movement (Jackson 35). The most important asset that playwright Arthur

Miller holds is his knowledge of the theater. He knows that plays must deal with

matters of interest to the public. It is almost impossible to not be impressed

with a play by Miller because they are writ n realistically. "A play,"

according to Miller, "ought to make sense to common-sense people… the

only challenge worth the effort is the widest one and the tallest one, which is

the people themselves" (17). In Tom F. Driver’s writings he states that, We

must remember that the only success both popular and critical Miller has had in

this country is Death of a Salesman" (20). He does have weaknesses in his

writings. Miller has too narrow a view of man in society. He has not

investigated human natu fully, restricting him to a specific social theory.

Miller’s idea of the real world in which humans must deal is limited and how he

sees life is not extensive. He does not possess the curiosity that would help

him to solve problems. One might say that he sees the issues too soon, sees them

in their preliminary form of social or even moral debate, but not in terms of

dramatic events that disturb the audience’s idea of basic truth, which is the

foundation for it’s moral attitudes. Miller is a playwright who wants morality

without bothering to speak of a good in the light of which morality would make

sense. Man must be made to create his values and live up to them (Driver 22).

According to Harold Bloom, Miller is not an articulate writer but he is not a

bad writer either. Miller articulates, in language that can be appreciated by

popular audiences, certain new dimensions of the human dilemma (Jackson 36).

Both Death of a Sa sman and The Crucible if properly staged are very effective

dramas. Death of a Salesman is the best of the two, ranking as one of the

half-dozen crucial American plays. There are still many other questions about

the staging of the play that can not be bsolutely answered correctly. Each

person will have different ideas as to why Miller used the music the way he did,

about the way he uses language, about the comic lines and how they should be

read, about the order of the scenes, and about the change f m the present to a

scene from the past because of the use of a certain word and phrase (Schneider

xx). "Yet its literary status seems to me somewhat questionable, which

returns me to the issue of what there is in drama that can survive indifferent

or ev poor writing" (1). "Thus with all our efforts, and good

intentions, we have not yet achieved a theater; and we have not, I believe,

because we do not see life in historic and dramatic terms" (Kernan 2).

"Our greatest novelists and poets continue not see life in historic and

dramatic terms, precisely because our literary tradition remains incurably

Emersonian, and Emerson shrewdly dismissed both history and drama as European

rather than American" (Bloom 2). Whether the play is a narrative or a lyr

al one the American style usually leans towards romance and musing, or something

bizarre, rather than drama. "Miller, a social dramatist, keenly aware of

history, fills an authentic American need, certainly for his own time"

(Bloom 3). Bloom question if it has the aesthetic dignity of tragedy, but no

other American play is worthier of the term, so far (5). The author has captured

a kind of suffering that is universal, probably because his hidden model for

this American tragedy is an ancient Jewish e. Willy Loman is not Jewish, but

there is something about him that is and according to Bloom, "the play does

belong to that undefined entity we can call Jewish literature. The only meaning

of Willy Loman is the pain he suffers, and the pain his fate uses us to suffer.

His tragedy makes sense only in the Freudian world of repression, which happens

also to be the world of normative Jewish memory" (5). In the Jewish

environment everything has already happened and nothing can be new again because

the is a meaning in everything and everything hurts. That order known to Jewish

memory is the secret strength of Death of a Salesman and the reason for its

ability to endure shrewd criticism. Miller wonderfully states that Willy’s

decision to die happens hen "he is given his existence…his fatherhood,

for which he has always striven and which until now he could not achieve."

Willy is really a good man who only wanted to earn and have the love of his wife

and sons. Willy is dying throughout the play n because he wants to be successful

but by the common desire to be loved even though he feels he does not deserve

it. "Miller is not one of the masters of metaphor, but in Death of a

Salesman he memorably achieves a pathos that none of us would be wise to

dismiss" (Bloom 6). Deciding if Death of a Salesman is or is not a tragedy

is determined by the reader or viewer interpreting it. "Is Willy, for

instance, a born loser, or is he a game little fighter who, having been sold a

bill of goods about the American Dream, keeps s gging it out against unequal

odds" (Weales xvi)? It is often believed that tragedy only happens to

people of higher status. In Barrett H. Clarks writings he states that Miller

believes that the common man experiences tragedy as well as kings. Miller els

that this should "be obvious in the light of modern psychiatry, which bases

its analysis upon classific formulations, such as the Oedipus and Orestes

complexes, for instance, which were enacted by royal beings, but which apply to

everyone in similar motional situations"(Popkin 537). Tragedy is the result

of man’s total duress to judge himself justly according to Miller (Popkin 537).

John Gassner calls Willy a "loud-mouthed dolt and emotional

babe-in-the-woods… and if so, does his love for Biff somehow let him transcend

that characterization" (xvi)? Willy has been called a "low-man"

by Schneider, a "common man" by Eleanor Clark, "victim" by

Wiegand, a "poor, flashy, self-deceiving little man" by Ivor Brown, a

’schizophrenic’ by Hynes, and a ’social-martyrdom image’ by Raymond Williams.

"Clurman is interested in him as a salesman, but Fuller, who has

understandable interest in alesmen, prefers him as Everyman." Weales also

writes that "Bierman, Hart, and Johnson find a basis conflict between the

salesman and the man in him" (xvii). Willy has a complex personality and

all of these things at once. It is because of all the fa s and lies, the

realities and fantasies that Willy has the potential to actually kill himself.

He does not realize whether he is condemning or defending himself when he speaks

(Weales xvii). Many readers feel that the play is about Biff and that it is a

play about a son’s troubles with his father. "Willy’s recognition of Biff’s

love does not alter his basic self-delusion about success, the audiences

attention, sympathy, concern turn to Bi , who… finds his ‘true self,’ finds

understanding, pushing Willy out of the spotlight" (Clurman and Gassner

xvii). Schneider states that For me, the Requiem of the play is ironic, the

gathering of people who never understand Willy at all, and how much more

effective it would be if Biff’s ‘I know who I am, kid,’ were taken as still

another sample of Loman self-delusion, the true legacy (the insurance being the

false) of Willy (xviii). Dillingham believes that Linda adds to Willy’s plight,

but according to T.C. Worsley Linda is the perfect wife. Willy’s wife interacts

with all the people in his life. She cares for their children Happy and Biff.

She washes and mends the clothing and rries about paying bills. She loves and

admires Willy (Griffin 49). Most of the critics believe that Linda is the

character that the audience should admire. Robert Garland feels that she is

"the one character in the play who could see clearly what wa going to

happen. There is no doubt about what that means in the context of the play. It

is not necessary to decide, that Linda is the central character in ‘Salesman,’

but it is important to decide just what her function is in the play" (xix).

Accordi to Schneider the lesser characters should not be ignored. Of importance

is Happy’s feeling of guilt because he hates his older brother, Biff. It is

questionable whether Charley, Bernard, Howard, or Ben are acceptable character

or stereotypes. "If the lay belongs, as Gassner says it does, in the

tradition of American realism, then those characters may stand out as unreal,

stock. If, however, Miller’s borrowing of expressionistic techniques allows him

to use a type character when he needs one to make point, they may be functioning

legitimately within a particular scene" (Schneider xix). Willy is a victim

of ignorance. Willy "the protagonist is still only a man to whom things

happen, who is not capable of even a belated understanding, and who is seen in a

vocational and technological rather than a broadly human context" (Heilman

143). nd according to Heilman, Miller "wrote pathetic drama, the history of

an undivided character experiencing pitiable obsolescence" (160). Miller

tracks suffering to the ancient cause, ignorance and he follows Loman’s progress

from ignorance, suffering, t enlightenment. "As in Classic tragedy, the

price of this ‘Odyssey’ is death, but, through his personal sacrifice, the

protagonist redeems his house, and promises to his posterity yet another

chance." Loman’s suicide, as in traditional tragedy, is a con adiction to

his victory over the circumstances (Jackson 35). Arthur Miller structured Death

of a Salesman to show Willy Loman’s pleasures, dreams, and hopes of the past.

Thus the central conflict of the play is Willy’s inability to differentiate

between reality and illusion. In the opening of the play numerous otifs are

presented. The first being the melody of a flute which suggests a distant,

faraway fantasy: Willy’s dream world. This is playing in the background as Willy

enters carrying his burdensome traveling suitcases. He has been a traveling

salesma for the Wagner Company for thirty-four years. Willy left that morning

for a trip and has already returned. He tells his wife Linda that he opened the

windshield of the car to let the warm air in and was quietly driving along when

he found himself drea ng. Later when Linda suggests taking a ride in the country

on Sunday with the windshield open, he realizes that the windshields don’t open

on new cars and he was remembering the 1928 Chevy, alluding to his life being an

illusion. Linda would like Will to work in New York so he would not have to

travel, but he refuses as he is, "vital to New England." This is

another illusory motif; the reality is in fact that Willy is a hindrance to the

company. He tells Linda he is, "vital to New England," to cove up his

inability to get a position in New York. Willy asks Linda about his boys, Biff

and Happy, who are home for the first time in years. He can not understand why

Biff, thirty-four years old, can not find a job and keep it. After all, Biff

possesse so much, "personal attractiveness," yet another motif. To

Willy a person must not be liked, but well-liked. When a person is well-liked

the entire world opens up for him, as it did for David Singleman, a salesman who

was so loved and respected that he ent to a town, picked up a phone, and placed

order after order. When David Singleman died at the age of eighty-four buyers

and sellers everywhere attended his funeral, but that was a time when selling

depended on the salesman’s personality and not the oduct. Willy sees all the,

"personal attractiveness," in Biff and expects him to have a

successful career. Willy complains he feels all cramped and,

"boxed-in." The bricks and windows in the city make him feel too

closed in and nothing grows anymore. e remembers a good time in his life when

the boys were young and flowers were growing in the backyard, but now the

outside forces are smothering him and he makes useless attempts to plant things

in the backyard. The focus switches from Billy to the two boys talking up in

their bedroom. Biff tells Happy what he has done in the last fourteen years and

the reason he does not keep a job is because when spring rolls around he feels

he has to move on to another pla . Happy talks about having an apartment, a car,

and plenty of girls – all the things he has ever wanted – but he is still

lonely. This is because he has never bothered to find out what he really wants.

Biff says men built like them are meant to work tside in the open air and they

should meet a steady girl to marry. Biff wonders if a man, Bill Oliver, would

remember him. He had stolen a carton of basketballs once, but Happy assures Biff

that he was well-liked by Oliver, a philosophy they learned f m their father.

Downstairs, the boys can hear their father talking to himself and the focus is

brought back down to Willy who is reminiscing a time in 1928 when he came home

from a trip and the two boys were polishing the car. Willy’s flashbacks are

always in 1928. This is his last happy year before his break with Biff. Willy

tells young Biff to be careful with the girls and then shows the two boys a

punching bag he has brought home to help Biff improve his timing. The bo are all

excited and Willy notices Biff has a new football. Football is used to symbolize

immaturity in Biff and Willy (Heilman 123). He asks Biff where he got it and

Biff tells Willy he borrowed it from the locker room to practice. Happy says

Biff w l get in trouble, but Willy thinks the coach will "congratulate you

on your initiative." The values Willy is teaching his son about,

"personal attractiveness," leads to more thefts and ultimately to

jail. While all attention is being focused on Biff, ppy announces, "I’m

losing weight, you notice, Pop." Willy, not paying attention, says,

"Try jumping rope." According to Schneider the lesser characters

should not be ignored. Of importance is Happy’s feeling of guilt because he

resents his older bro er, Biff (xix). Later Happy lays on his back and pedals

his feet while saying he’s lost weight, but still no one notices the

overshadowed son. Willy tells the boys that he will have his own business

someday and he will not have to leave anymore. He t ls them it will be better

than Uncle Charley’s because Uncle Charley is, "liked, but he’s not

well-liked." Willy also promises to take the boys on a trip through the New

England states so they can see how well-liked he is. In reality Willy knows he

is ot well-liked so he never does take his boys. Bernard enters and tells Biff

they must study because his math teacher has threatened to flunk him. Since Biff

has three athletic scholarships, Willy finds studying unnecessary. He would much

rather see h son practicing or socializing so he can be well-liked. He

encourages Biff to cheat off of Bernard on the final exam. Willy tells his sons

that good marks in school do not mean too much, but instead, "the man who

creates a personal appearance is the m who gets ahead… Be liked and you will

never want." Biff explains to Willy that Bernard is liked, but not

well-liked. It has become evident that Biff is accepting all the values Willy is

instilling in him and not making any of his own. This leads t his downfall.

Willy tells his boys that later in life good marks mean nothing, "Because

the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates

personal interest, is the man who gets ahead." Linda comes on stage

carrying a basket of ash and Willy tells the boys to help their mother. Willy

tells Linda he was great and sold 1,200 gross in Boston and Providence. Linda

figures out how much they owe and Willy knows he only sold 200 gross and his

commission does not cover what they owe So he told Linda the truth. Annoyed with

the need for a new fan belt for the refrigerator he says, "The refrigerator

consumes belts like a goddam maniac. They time those things. They time them so

when you finally pay for them, they’re used up." He uld like to own

something before it breaks. When the boys were polishing the car, Willy calls

it, "the greatest car ever built." After he finds out he needs to buy

a new carburetor for the car he has a quick change in temper, "that goddam

Chevrolet, t y ought to prohibit the manufacture of the car." Willy can not

face the reality that he is not a good salesman and can not understand why,

"people don’t seem to take to me," and why, "people laugh at

me." He guesses he talks too much, but Linda is alw s there to reinforce

his illusion by telling him how wonderful he is. She also fails to recognize his

limitations and covers them up so he can keep building his illusion. Linda takes

out some silk stockings and begins mending them. Willy thinks Charl is a man of

few words, yet people respect him. Willy worries about his appearance, but Linda

assures him that he is handsome. While Linda is talking a woman appears in

Willy’s mind. She is laughing while dressing. It is clear that Willy gets loneso

on the road because he is not as popular as he says. As the woman leaves she

thanks Willy for the stockings. Willy feels guilty and upon returning to the

happier illusion he notices Linda mending her stockings and tells her to stop.

Bernard enters a asks for Biff so they can study because it is a state test and

he can not give Biff the answers. Willy is aggravated by Biff’s lack of studying

and threatens to whip him. Then Bernard and Linda begin to criticize Biff as

well and Willy abruptly turns n defense of Biff. Willy tells Biff that he does

not want him to be a worm like Bernard because Biff has spirit and personality.

Happy comes downstairs and Willy is saying he wishes he went to Alaska with his

brother Ben. He says Ben at age seventeen, "walked-into the jungle and when

I was twenty-one I walked out…and by God I was rich." Happy tells Willy

he is going to retir him for life and although that is what Willy wants, he can

not ask his boys for help because then he will have to realize that they are

incapable of helping him. Willy tells his boys the, "…woods are burning.

I can’t even drive a car." When Willy s s the woods are burning he means

that life is closing in on him. Ben is Willy’s ideal because he had nothing and

ended up rich. The jungle is woods for Willy. Ben conquered the jungle of life

(in its figurative meaning) and Willy is trapped in burnin woods. Thus time is

running out on Willy. Every time we see Ben he has his watch out and says he

only has few more minutes to catch the train. This emphasizes the concept of

time hurrying past man. Ben utilized time while time simply passed Willy by At

this time Charley enters and sends Happy back upstairs. They begin to play cards

and Charley offers Willy a job, but Willy refuses. Ben appears in an illusion

and Willy is talking to Charley and Ben at the same time. Ben is Willy’s ideal

success ich Willy would like to obtain. Charley has practical success, which is

not what Willy believes in, so when Ben appears in illusion Willy is anxious to

get rid of Charley, this way Willy can indulge himself in his favorite daydream.

Charley stands for verything opposite of Willy’s view of life. Charley is not

well-built, he has no personal attractiveness, he is not adventurous, and he is

not well-liked. But Charley is successful. These are the reasons Willy can not

accept a job from him. It would ean Willy acknowledging that all his ideas in

life were wrong. Charley tells Willy to forget about Biff, but Willy can not

because he would have nothing left to remember. Biff’s success is Willy’s

purpose to live and later it is his purpose to die. W hout the memories of Biff

and the hopes for a better future, Willy’s entire existence is meaningless.

Willy insults Charley on his card playing and Charley goes home. Willy is now

alone with Ben and asks Ben about their parents. Ben tells Willy that eir father

used to make and sell flutes giving more meaning to the flute being played in

the background. Although this implies a similarity of a salesman quality between

Willy and his father, we see that Willy pedals wares already made whereas his

fat r made his own flutes and sold them himself by piling the whole family in a

wagon and driving across the entire midwest. Happy and Biff appear and Willy

tells them that Ben is a genius, "success incarnate." He wants to show

Ben that his boys are magni cent. Ben suddenly trips Biff and tells Biff to

never fight fair with a stranger, "You’ll never get out of the jungle that

way." Willy sends his boys to the construction site to steal some lumber in

an effort to show Ben their fearlessness and ruggedne . The stealing of the

lumber relates to Willy’s teaching of bad values and Biff’s stealing himself out

of every job he will ever have. Charley’s reaction to the stealing is that the

boys will get caught and be put in jail just like the other fearless aracters.

Ben says the stock exchange has fearless characters. As well as Biff’s approval,

Willy would like Ben’s recognition. Willy expects Ben to praise him for having

great sons but Ben merely says they are, "Manly chaps." Linda comes

downstairs to check on Willy, Willy complains about being too crowded and boxed

in, and decides to go for a walk even though he is wearing his slippers. Biff

comes down and asks his mother what is wrong with Willy. She tells him that when

e is away Willy functions much better, but when Biff writes that he is coming

home all of Willy’s dreams begin to close in on him and he becomes agitated.

Linda tells Biff not to come home just to see her because he can not be

disrespectful to Willy. ttention, attention must be finally paid to such a

person." Linda tells Biff that after thirty-four years the company has put

Willy back on straight commissions. Biff thinks the company is ungrateful, but

Linda tells him the company is no worse than h two sons. She tells her sons that

Willy goes to Charley every week to borrow $50.00 and tells Linda that it is his

salary. Biff refuses to take all the blame and accuses Willy of being a fake.

Biff calls him a fake because of the scene in the hotel Boston, but does not

tell Linda. Linda tells Biff that Willy is trying to commit suicide. Last month

he had a car wreck, and the insurance company thought it may have been

intentional. After the car accident, she found a rubber hose attached to the s

pipe. This is the first introduction of suicide in the play. Arthur Miller is

trying to prepare the audience to accept Willy’s suicide as a result of cause

and effect. Linda tells Biff, "I swear to God! Biff, his life is in your

hands!" Biff says ey all should have worked out in the open, "mixing

cement on some open plain, or… be a carpenter." Willy has just entered

and represses these physical urges saying that even, "your Grandfather was

better than a carpenter." Thus Willy’s dreams make h aim higher than his

heart would like. Biff and Willy argue and Willy tells Biff not to curse in the

house. Then Biff, referring to the hotel scene in Boston, asks, "When did

you get so clean?" Happy tells Willy that Biff is going to see Bill Oliver.

Willy gets excited over the idea and tells Biff to wear a dark suit, to talk as

little as possible, and not to tell any jokes. Willy was being realistic,

teaching Biff not to be like Willy Loman, but to conduct himself as Charley

would. Biff says he wi ask for $10,000.00 and Willy tells him to ask for

$15,000.00 because if you start out big you end up big. Contrary to before Willy

gets caught up in his illusions and tells him to begin with some jokes because

"personality" always wins the day. Not o y is Willy getting caught up

in his dreams but even Biff is beginning to believe that Oliver will lend him

this large sum. When Linda puts in a few words Willy yells at her to stop

interrupting. It gets to the point where Biff can’t take it anymore and emands

that Willy not "yell at her." Subconsciously Willy takes out his own

sense of guilt by yelling at his wife. Biff is upset by this, yells at Willy,

and Willy leaves. Linda follows Willy up to the bedroom and Linda reminds Willy

that the plumbi needs to be fixed. Now Willy feels everything is falling to

pieces. The two boys come in to say good-night. Willy falls back into his dreams

and could only think of Biff’s greatness. He gives Biff more advice about what

to do in the interview with iver and Biff begins to feel the greatness in

himself. While Willy is reminiscing about Biff’s greatness, Happy, feeling

overshadowed by Biff, tries to get his parents’ attention by saying, "I’m

gonna get married." This serves the same purpose as "I’m osing

weight," in the earlier scenes. Biff goes down to the kitchen and removes

the rubber tubing, ending Act I on the thought of suicide. Act II opens up with

a touch of hope and joy. Willy wakes up after a good night’s sleep and finds

that Biff has already left to see Oliver. Willy feels good and would like to buy

some seeds to see if they will grow in the backyard because he has a st ng need

to create something material to leave behind, something Ben says, one can see

and touch. Willy is determined to tell Howard he needs a New York job. On his

way out Linda reminds him of the bills they owe. Willy resents the refrigerator

repair ill because he bought an off-brand while Charley bought a well-advertised

brand that has never needed any repairs. Willy also has one last payment on the

mortgage and the house finally belongs to them. Linda tells Willy he is to meet

Biff and Happy fo dinner. Once again Willy asks Linda to stop mending her

stockings. Willy is at Howard’s office and is not only denied a job in New York

but was fired from the firm. Willy pleads saying he would only need a few

dollars a week, reminding Howard of how many years he has been with the company,

and the promises made to hi by Howard’s father. "You can’t eat the orange

and throw the peel away – a man is not a piece of fruit." He also told him

the story about David Singleman. Willy tells Howard he averaged $170.00 a week

back in 1928, but Howard states that he never aver ed so much. Howard suggests

that Willy gets help from his sons, but Willy can’t go to them because the fact

that they are fine boys is a part of Willy’s lies and illusions. Right after

being fired and hitting an all time low, Ben appears offering Will a job in

Alaska, but Linda reminds Willy of the partnership promised by old man Wagner.

Willy has to miss out on this opportunity to go to Alaska with Ben because he is

trapped in his lies about his position in the Wagner firm. Willy tells Ben he is

b lding something, personality and connections. Ben’s idea of building something

is so you can "lay your hand on it." Since Willy has nothing tangible

he tries to grow things in the backyard. Ben leaves and everyone is in a rush to

go to Ebbets Field f Biff’s football game. As everyone is getting in the car

Charley appears pretending not to know that they are going to see Biff’s game.

Willy become very agitated and his display of fury shows his immaturity. While

thinking about the past Willy has been walking to Charley’s office and is at the

height of his anger upon arriving at Charley’s to borrow money. Willy talks to

Bernard and is impressed that Bernard will be playing tennis with his own tennis

rack s on some private courts. Willy seeks Bernard’s advice about where Biff,

the popular athlete, went wrong, but once Bernard said the two boys fought for

no reason after Biff came home from Boston, Willy becomes defensive and yells

angrily at him. Charl enters and sends Bernard off to the train so he can argue

a case before the Supreme Court. Willy asks Charley for $110.00 so he can pay

his insurance. Charley offers Willy a job but Willy insists that he has one. In

a small argument Charley asks, "W n the hell are you going to grow

up," a question he asked in the previous flashback. When Charley asks Willy

how much he needs, Willy admits that he has been fired, but still refuses to

work for Charley. If Willy worked for Charley it would be an adm sion that his

life has been a failure. Charley gives Willy the money and Willy says that a man

ends up worth more dead than alive. Before leaving Willy realizes that Charley,

whom he previously felt was an enemy, is actually the only friend he has. Happy

and Biff are at the restaurant. Happy is flirting with a girl and when she

leaves to find a friend to join them, Biff explains how he had to wait all day

to see Oliver who did not remember him. Biff discovers, "What a ridiculous

lie my whole li has been." He has always stolen as a result of feeling

neglected. The fright of seeing himself for what he really is, caused Biff to

steal Oliver’s fountain pen. Happy opposes telling the truth to Willy, but when

Willy joins them in the restaurant B f tries to make Willy understand reality.

Biff’s attempt to communicate with his father and bring him out of his world of

illusion is unsuccessful. In despair Biff cries to Happy, "I can’t talk to

him!" The failure of Biff with Oliver brings to Willy mind the failure Biff

was in math. As Biff tells the truth, Willy’s dreams overpower Biff’s realistic

talk. Willy closes his mind to reality and feels that Biff is spiting him

because Biff refuses to do as he says. The break in Willy and Biff’s rela onship

was a result of the woman in Willy’s room in Boston. Willy blames the hotel

discovery on the fact that Biff failed math. "If you hadn’t flunked,

you’d've been set by now!" Willy hears a woman’s voice asking him to open

the door and he gets fri tened and goes to the bathroom. While he is in there

Happy wants to leave. Biff says Willy is, "A fine, troubled prince. A

hard-working unappreciated prince. A pal, you understand? A good companion.

Always for his boys." This is a sudden change fro his calling Willy a fake

earlier. This is because Biff has come out of Willy’s world of illusions and has

begun functioning on reality. Looking back on Willy he notices Willy’s faults

but now can see lots of values. This realization makes him beg Hap to help him

reach Willy. Happy wants to leave and Biff accuses him of not caring about his

father. Happy denies his father, "No, that’s not my father. He’s just a

guy." This is a result of the brutal rejection Happy has been subjected to

throughout he play. "Death of a Salesman illustrated the ruin of a family

because the father was a failure. Domestic happiness was shown to depend, not

just on personal relationship, but on the way in which men and women coped with

the injustices of society" (Elsom 139). Throughout the play we have seen

Willy’s guilt when Linda mends her stockings, we have heard the laughing of

another woman, and we have heard Biff call his father a fake. While Willy was in

the bathroom the two boys left with the girls. This next flashb k is the

climatic failure in Willy’s relationship with his son Biff. The flashback brings

us to Willy’s hotel room in Boston. Biff knocks on the door continuously and

Willy tells the woman to hide in the bathroom. Willy opens the door and Biff

tells m that he has flunked math. Biff showed Willy the imitation he gave in

front of the class before being caught by the teacher. They both laughed. The

woman hears the laughter and comes out. Willy gets her out of the room as quick

as possible and she mands the stockings Willy promised her. Biff accuses Willy

of being a liar, a fake, and giving away "Mama’s stockings." Suddenly

Stanley, the waiter at the restaurant, interrupts Willy’s flashback and tells

him that Happy and Biff have left with the girls. Willy asks if there is a seed

store nearby. Now that his world has closed in on him he needs to leave

something ta ible behind. Biff and Happy come home with flowers for Linda. She

throws them on the floor and yells at her sons for treating their own father

worse than a stranger. Happy begins to lie, saying that they had a good time,

but Biff stops him and agrees with his mot r. Biff hears a noise outside and

Linda tells him that Willy is planting his garden. Now we see Willy outside

talking to Ben he thinks Biff has been spiting him all of his life and that if

Biff sees the number of people at Willy’s funeral then he will ave respect for

him. At the same time, Biff will have $20,000.00 in his pocket. With that sum he

could truly be magnificent. Willy’s talking to Ben has convinced himself that he

has finished his life. So rather than, "stand here the rest of my life

nging up a zero," he decides he will commit suicide. Biff comes out to

Willy to let him know he is leaving for good and to ask for help to tell Linda.

Willy refuses and warns Biff that spite will destroy him. Willy wants to talk

about Oliver, but Bi has finally connected his thefts with Willy’s philosophy of

being well-liked. Biff becomes angry and confronts Willy with the rubber hose.

He tells Willy that they should tell the truth. He says that he has stolen

himself out "of every good job sinc high school." Biff also tells

Willy, "You blew me so full of hot air I can never stand taking orders from

anybody." Biff has come to realize that his father is just a,

"hard-working drummer," and he sees that he is, "nothing! I’m

nothing." Biff trie to get Willy to "take that phony dream and burn it

before something happens." Biff is trying to make Willy face reality, but

ironically Biff’s attempt only convinces Willy that his dreams are right. Biff

becomes so infuriated that he suddenly breaks d n and cries, asking Willy to

burn his world of illusions. This makes Willy feel he is needed by Biff and

motivates him to commit suicide because now he feels he will be leaving

something for Biff. Willy was amazed that Biff still loves him and doesn’t ate

or want to spite him. Willy says, "Isn’t that a remarkable thing." Ben

reappears and after Happy and Linda go to bed Ben reminds Willy that its,

"Time William, time." With life closing in around him, Willy gets into

his car and enters the jungle o death. Miller wonderfully states that Willy’s

decision to die happens when "he is given his existence… his fatherhood,

for which he has always striven and which until now he could not achieve."

Willy is really a good man who only wanted to earn and ve the love of his wife

and sons. Willy is dying throughout the play not because he wants to be

successful but by the common desire to be loved even though he feels he does not

deserve it. Miller is not one of the masters of metaphor, but he memorably

chieves a pathos that none of us would be wise to reject (Bloom 6). Willy’s life

has been a struggle to get something paid for before it is all used up. He had

finally succeeded in paying for his house before it was all used up, the only

problem is his life is all used up. As a general rule, to which there may be

exceptions unknown to me, think the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are

in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need by, to

secure one thing – his sense of personal dignity. From Orestes to Hamlet. Medea

to Macbeth, the underlying struggle is that of the individual attempting to gain

his ‘rightful’ position in society… Tragedy, then, is the consequence of a

man’s total compulsion to evaluate himself justly… His ‘tragic flaw,’ a

failing that is not peculiar to grand or elevated characters. Nor is it

necessarily a weakness… his inherent unwillingness to remain passive in the

face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity, his image of his

rightful status… those who act against the scheme of things that degrades

them, and in the process of action everything we have accepted out of fear of

insensitivity or ignorance is shaken before us and examined, and from this total

onslaught by an individual against the seemingly stable cosmos surrounding us -

from this total examination of the ‘unchangeable’ environment – comes the terror

and the fear that is classically associated with tragedy (Levin 171). A few days

later Charley, Linda, and the boys went to Willy’s funeral. They were the only

ones there; no sellers, no buyers, not even Howard came to pay their respects.

This is the final proof that Willy was not well-liked, his dreams were phony,

and is whole life was one big illusion. Biff comments on Willy having all the

wrong dreams, but Charley says a salesman has to dream. This shows Biff now has

a firmer grasp on reality, but Happy is as lost in his world of dreams as Willy

was. While the ot rs walk away Linda remains at the grave a few minutes. She

tells Willy that she made the last payment on the house that day, but now there

is no one to live there. This is ironic because early in the play Linda told

Willy the whole house smelled of sh ing lotion after the boys had left. Willy

says, "Figure it out. Work a lifetime to pay off a house. You finally own

it, and there’s nobody to live in it." For Willy, death was an escape from

feeling boxed-in by the city and by the people around him, ut now, ironically,

Willy is boxed-in by his grave. The play closes with a melody of a flute.

Miller’s main problem in his writing is the conflict of themes. It is hard to

determine whether his play is about politics or sex. If the important scene in

Death of a Salesman is the one with the tape recorder then it is political,

however, if it is bout sex then the important scene is the one in the Boston

hotel. John Mander and Eric Bentley agree with this criticism. They also agree

that The Crucible may not be about McCarthy but about love in the seventeenth

century (Overland 52). "More sympa etic critics find that the plays

successfully embody the author’s intentions of dramatizing a synthesis of the

two kinds of motivation, Edward Murry, for instance, has made the same

observations as have Bentley and Mander, but in his view the difficulty f

branding Miller wither a ’social’ or a ‘psychological’ dramatist points to a

strength rather than to a flaw in his work: ‘At his best, Miller has avoided the

extremes of clinical psychiatric case studies on the one hand and mere

sociological reports the other… he has indicated…. how the dramatist might

maintain in delicate balance both personal and social motivation’"

(Overland 52). The hotel room scene has an enormous impact that it has a

tendency to diminish the other scenes of Willy’s dile a. "If the play is

read, if one treats it as one would a novel, balance is restored and a good case

may be made for a successful synthesis of ‘psychological’ or ’social’ motivation

as argued, for instance, by Edward Murray" (Overland 55). In Death of a

Salesman we can see the influences by O’Neill on Miller’s work. "The

disintegrating protagonist might also have come from Tennessee Williams, though

in Williams’ hands Willy Loman would have had a flamboyant self-destructiveness

rather t n an unchangeable habit of knocking his head against a wall of

unapprehended actuality. But Death of a Salesman does not represent the mature

Miller. He became more independent, more forceful, and more deeply imaginative

in The Crucible (1953)" (Heilm 142). Lee Fischer works are

"thematically and technically influenced by Arthur Miller’s Death of a

Salesman," reflects Jens Kistrup (855). In Death of a Salesman and The

Crucible Miller seems to demonstrate a superiority to other American dramatists

in the representative interpretation of universal dimensions of accumulated

experience. He tries to investigate the reasons that men are res nsible for

their actions. Death of a Salesman and The Crucible is an investigation of man’s

existence. Death of a Salesman seems to mimic classic tragedy mainly in its

acceptance of the principle of the responsibility of the individual. Like other

co emporary genre, the protagonist is the common man. "Perhaps of greater

importance is the fact that it removes the ground of the tragic conflict from

outer event to inner consciousness" (Jackson 28 – 31). Willy Loman and John

Proctor exhibit Miller’s c cept of the tragic hero. Both of them struggling to

maintain the image they have of themselves. Miller maintains that this is the

prime criterion of tragedy (Nicoll 798). Loman’s suicide, as in traditional

tragedy, is a contradiction to his victory o r the circumstances. "It is an

act of love, intended to redeem his house. Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman

is, perhaps, to this time, the most mature example of a myth of contemporary

life" (Jackson 35). Miller’s creative genius has made an impact on the

world of drama for years to come. Many upcoming characters will be influenced by

the dramatic roles of Willy Loman and John Proctor. These two plays bring a

succession of conflicts to a dramatic end: having each man die with dignity.

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Washington Press, 1973. Levin, Richard. Tragedy: Plays, Theory, and Criticism.

New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1960. Miller, Arthur. The Crucible.

New York: Bantam Books, 1959. Morath, Inge. Salesman in Beijing. New York: The

Viking Press, 1983. Nicoll, Allardyc. World Drama. London: George G. Harrap

& Co. Ltd., 1976. Popkin, Henry (ed.). European Theories of the Drama. New

York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1969. Weales, Gerald (ed.). Death of a Salesman.

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