Nuclear Arms Control Essay, Research Paper

There would be several advantages for the Government of India by adhering to the

Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). For instance, adhering would ease

international pressures spearheaded by the United States, Great Britain, and

France. As India is just starting to become a nuclear power of its own, the

already nuclear ?powers that be? want to use India as an example to the rest

of the world. As more countries become nuclear, they should sign the CTBT and

follow the footsteps of the rest of the world powers. Another advantage of

adhering to the CTBT is that Pakistan will also sign if India signs. (N.B. with

the stipulation that the US ratifies the treaty) If Pakistan adheres; it will be

easier for the Indian government to use information obtained by national means

of verification ?in a manner consistent with generally recognized principles

of international law, including that of respect for the sovereignty of

States.? (CTBT Article IV #5) This means that India will be able to see how

much Pakistan is adhering to the stipulations of CTBT. There are however,

several disadvantages of adhering to the CTBT. For instance, if India does not

adhere, the government keeps on testing; Pakistan would match test for test.

Both countries have been at odds with each other for a while. When India tested

a nuclear explosion, Pakistan answered immediately with a test of their own. If

India does not adhere they would be put in a costly and possibly deadly arms

race with the Pakistani government. Defense spending would increase drastically

on both sides. The Pakistani economy is not as strong as the Indian, which means

that Pakistan will be the first to declare bankruptcy. A failed economy with an

internal government in turmoil could heighten the chance of a Taleban-like group

to seize power in Pakistan. If a radical group with a hatred of the Indian

government were to take power, an all-out war would be imminent, possibly

nuclear. The CTBT also focuses too much on the big nuclear powers of the world.

Countries such as the United States, Russia, and China are the real winners in

this deal. Smaller countries such as India have to worry about threats, as the

?big ones? do not. For example, India is in constant turmoil with Pakistan,

and both are have nuclear capabilities. If India does not adhere to the CTBT,

neither will Pakistan. If this were to be so, India would have to stockpile

enough nuclear arms to stay on top of Pakistan. This is relevant to the US-USSR

model of deterrence. The United States wanted to have a large number of nuclear

weapons to be able to back up their threat of nuclear attacks on Russian soil.

If the USSR were to launch, the United States wanted to have a second strike

capability which would cripple the Russian homeland, hence to deter the Russians

from making a preemptive strike. India also wants to deter Pakistan from

launching if neither adheres to the CTBT. India wants to continue as a nuclear

power to try and deter the Pakistani government from launching into Indian

Territory. 2. If the United States were to build their Anti Ballistic Missile

system (ABM) in North America, it would be a clear violation of the

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty signed in 1972, thus forcing the U.S withdrawal

from the treaty. The U.S. government point of view has been that the new ABM

system will be focused on shooting down limited attacks from ?rogue? nuclear

states, considered to be North Korea, Iran, and possibly Iraq. This possible ABM

system has Russia in an uproar. There are definite fears throughout the Russian

government if the U.S. builds this ABM system. For instance, with this new ABM

system, the United States would have a distinct advantage in the nuclear arms

division. The U.S. could possibly have a distinct first strike capability, which

would be remarkably efficient. This is a valid fear among Russian officials. The

U.S. could hypothetically launch first against the Russians. Russia would then

launch in retaliation to the attack. With the new ABM system set up, the United

States could (hypothetically) shoot down a good number of the incoming ICBMs,

absorb a diminished attack, then launch again with another arsenal of nuclear

missiles. The United States takes a few hits in one attack whereas Russia takes

the full brunt of two attacks. This hypothetical attack is not considered valid

among U.S. officials. They claim that the ABM system will only be a defense

against a limited attack, which means defense against less than a handful of

ICBMs from the ?rogue? states. It is not meant as a defense against an

attack against a whole arsenal of Russian missiles. The United States says that

Russia should share some responsibility for recognizing that rapid technological

change and new political realities are required changes in the ABM Treaty. With

this in mind, the United States has offered to help build an ABM system in the

Siberian territory of Russia in exchange for support or even modification of the

treaty. The Russian government quickly shot this down, as they could not compete

technically or monetarily with the United States. This ?safeguard? of both

countries having an ABM system is sufficient from a U.S.-USSR nuclear deterrent

perspective. The Cold War between the United States and Russia lasted nearly 60

years without a nuclear shot fired. This was largely because both countries were

fairly balanced in the nuclear department. The arms race forced stockpiling of

nuclear missiles on both sides of the Pacific. There has always been a delicate

balance of power between the two States. Both Russia and the United States have

the biggest nuclear arsenal around the world, and both had sufficient

second-strike capabilities. Either side was afraid to launch because they knew

the other side could easily respond. The United States wants to keep this

delicate balance. They want to help Russia build its own ABM system to compete

with the U.S. system. If the United States is the only one with the ABM system,

the balance is thrown, but if both sides are protected the balance is restored.