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Untitled Essay, Research Paper
1.0 Introduction
Throughout the eighties and into the nineties, work stress have continued
to rise dramatically in organizations across North America. The eighties
saw employees stressing out from working in a rapidly growing economy. During
the nineties, beginning from the recession of 1992 till present day, employees
are stressed by their own job insecurities in the face of massive downsizing
and restructuring of organizations in order to be competitive on the global
stage. Work stress is a very extensive topic ranging from research on the
sources of stress, the effects of stress, to ways on managing and reducing
stress. This report will focus first on the evidence for the harmful effects
of stress at work, both mentally and physically. The last section will briefly
explain why management should be concerned with rising employee stress and
will describe some actions management can take to alleviate work stress.2.0 Harmful Effects of Stress
Most research studies indicate a high correlation between stress and illness.
According to authorities in the United States and Great Britain, as much
as 70% of patients that are treated by general practitioners are suffering
from symptoms originating from stress . Everyone experiences stress, however,
each person responds to stress very differently. Their response is dependent
on how each person reacts to stress emotionally, mentally, and physically.
There are, however, common effects of stress for most people on the physical
and mental body.
2.1 Physical Effects
The researcher Blyth in 1973 identified a list of diseases which have a fairly
high causal relationships with stress. His evidence was obtained through
interviews with medical experts, review of reports by the World Health
Organization and consultations with the J.R. Geigy Pharmaceutical Company.
The following is a list of some of the illnesses Blyth had identified :
1. Hypertension2. Coronary thrombosis3. Hay fever and other allergies4. Migraine
headaches5. Intense itching6. Asthma7. Peptic ulcers8.
Constipation 9. Rheumatoid arthritis10. Colitis11. Menstrual
difficulties12. Nervous dyspepsia 13. Overactive thyroid gland14. Skin
disorders15. Diabetes mellitus16. TuberculosisResearch conducted by Woolfolk and Richardson in 1978 further confirmed
Blyth’s list that hypertension, coronary disease, infections, and ulcers
are highly related to the amount of prolonged stress an employee is subjected
to. Evidence for a causal relationship between hypertension and stress was
seen in a study of air traffic controllers. The work stress is enormous for
this occupation due to the high responsibility for the safety of others that
people is this field must bear. This study noted that air traffic controllers
experiences a hypertension rate approximately 5 times greater than other
comparable occupational groups .Only in recent studies was stress linked to coronary disease. As the majority
of heart attacks are caused by fatty substances adhering to the artery walls
(arteriosclerosis), stress is a causal factor in that, at high levels, the
amounts of the two fatty substances, cholesterol and triglycerides, in the
blood steam are elevated. This is evidenced in one study of tax accountants.
As the deadline for the annual tax filing drew nearer, cholesterol levels
rose without decreasing until 2 months later. The situation here shows that
cholesterol in the blood rises gradually with constant exposure to stress.There is also strong evidence for the causal relationship between stress
and infectious disease. Woolfolk was able to show that employees that are
very fatigue (a symptom of stress) were more susceptible to infections. In
his study conducted upon 24 woman during the flu season, every woman was
administered a certain amount of flu virus into their blood stream. Woman
in the group who were fatigued were administered a smaller dose than those
who were not. Woolfolk found that the women who had just gone through very
stressful experiences were more susceptible to the infection despite a very
small dosage of the flu virus. The other women who were not tired did not
get infected even though they had considerably high dosages of flu virus
in them .Lastly, evidence that ulcers are associated with high stress levels have
been conclusively proven by Woolfolk. Ulcers occur when digestive juices
burn a hole in the stomach lining. A person under stress or anxiety would
stimulate the rapid secretion of digestive juices into the stomach. Thus,
when a person is subjected to constant tension and frustration, he / she
has a high likelihood that an ulcer would occur. Evidence for this was provided
by the study performed by Dr. Steward Wolf. He was able to monitor activities
of a patient stomach, and where the patient responded to an emotional situation,
he observed the excessive secretion of stomach acids. Woolfolk and Richardson
further the studies by showing increased levels of stomach acids during high
exposure to stress.2.1 Psychological Effects
Most organizations have recognize that stress can have an adverse effect
on the efficiency of their employees. In 1978, the International Association
of Chiefs of Police (IACP) cited their study report that there are essentially
three psychological reactions to consistently high stress levels: repression
of emotion, displacement of anger, and isolation.Repression of emotions occur often in human service professionals such as
policemen or accountants. Their roles demand that they suppress their emotions
when interacting with clients. Thus, when the stress levels begin to rise
as they deal with more and more clients, they would put up an even greater
resistance to their own emotions . Over time, the professional may not be
able to relax that emotional resistance. All their emotions would be masked
and retained within themselves, resulting ultimately in mental and emotional
disorders.In stressful times, employees are often displeased or angry with something.
However, there are usually limited channels in which employees can express
their views. Since opinions, views, and feelings cannot always be expressed
to anyone to change the current situation, there would be an accumulation
of anger and frustration within the individual. Up to a certain point, the
anger would be released, usually at the wrong person or time, such as colleagues,
clients, or family members. This symptom has a tremendous impact on society
because there is a potential that it may hurt others people. Take for example
the US postal shootings over last few years. All of them were a result of
accumulated anger and frustration of US postal workers where they eventually
released all that pent-up anger at one time towards other colleagues. Moreover,
many cases of spousal abuse, child abuse, alcohol abuse, dysfunctional families
are a result of overstressed employees unable to diffuse or cope with the
anger and frustration building up within them.The 1978 IACP’s report stated that isolation is a common side-effect
of working under tremendous stress. For many service practitioners, they
are not always readily welcomed by the clients that they serve. A prime example
would be policemen who are shunned often by the public. Over time, a feeling
of isolation and rejection would envelop the person. The natural thing to
do would be to withdraw from others who do not understand their plight, resulting
in profound human loneliness .The symptoms mentioned above are usually long-term effects. There are many
other short term, psychological effects of stress that can be readily seen
or felt. The following is by no means a
definitive list of mental effects as it only illustrates some of the symptoms
that could readily identified in a person under constant stress :
1. Constant feeling of uneasiness2. Irritability towards others3. General
sense of boredom4. Recurring feelings of hopelessness in life5. Anxiety regarding
money6. Irrational fear of disease7. Fear of death8. Feelings of suppressed
anger9. Withdrawn and isolated 10. Feelings of rejection
by others (low self-esteem)11. Feelings of despair at failing as a parent12.
Feelings of dread toward an approaching weekend13. Reluctance to vacation14.
Sense that problems cannot be discussed with others15. Short attention span16.
Claustrophobic3.0 Management’s Role in Reducing Work Stress
Employee stress can have an enormous impact to an organization in terms of
cost. As many studies have shown, there is a high correlation between stress
and job performance. At moderate levels, stress is beneficial in that it
can cause individuals to perform their jobs better and attain higher job
performance. However, at high levels, stress can decrease productivity instead.
This is the case often seen in employees at many organizations . Furthermore,
aside from costs associated with lost productivity, there are costs with
respect to stress-related absenteeism and organizational medical expenses.
Specifically, these include costs of lost company time, increases in work-related
accidents disrupting production, increases in health care costs and health
insurance premiums, and most importantly, decreases in productivity .There are numerous methods that organizations could adopt to reduce undue
stress in their employees. However, measures taken to counter this problem
are usually tailored specifically for the particular organization. Therefore,
this report has chosen two separate actions which are fundamental to most
organizations that management can take.3.1 Reduction of Employee Stress as an Organizational Policy
The first step any organization should take to help its employees reduce
and cope with stress is to incorporate into the company policies a positive
and specific intent on reducing undue stress. This would indicate that top
management is committed to such a stress reduction program. Furthermore,
the amendment to the policies should also include a recognition that this
initiative will benefit the achievement of other organizational goals by
enhancing the productivity of employees through lowered stress levels . After
the inclusion of the broad mission goal of reducing employee stress, management
should draft out plans which specifically lays out the provisions to accomplish
that goal. As earlier mentioned, there are many approaches to stress reduction,
thus the provisions should detail only the methods specific to the organization.
For example, they could specify that employees undergo periodic physical
and psychological examinations and personnel surveys to ascertain current
stress levels. Another alternative would be to provide personal counseling
to employees to identify undue stress levels and then to advise any corrective
measures for the individual. In any case, the most important beginning step
is a total reexamination and revision of company policies, plans, and procedures
to enhance employees’ own methods of coping with stress, and simultaneously,
promote an organizational climate which actively assists employees to minimize
their stress.3.2 Fundamental Techniques to Employee Stress Reduction
One method management can employ to alleviate employee stress is to make
them fitter to deal with the everyday pressures of work . There are three
basic management techniques that would accomplish this goal. Managers should
be clear about their expectations of employees and clearly convey these
expectations to each person. Secondly, management should devise a
performance-evaluation-feedback system such that each employee would be aware
of his / her performance level based on the feedback received. Lastly, employees
should be fully capable of performing their job tasks. Stress arises when
employees do not possess the necessary skills to carry on with the work assigned
to them. Therefore, job training programs are essential to reducing anxiety
and stress associated when employees feel that they do not possess sufficient
skills or knowledge to perform the job that they were hired for.3.2.1 Communicating Management’s Expectations
In an organization, it would appear that all employees have a clear understanding
of their roles they were hired for and the duties expected of them. This
assertion is often valid for employees working at the front line, such as
workers on an assembly line. Strict procedural guidelines dictates the tasks
and procedures each worker would assume. However, at higher levels in the
organizational hierarchy, an employee’s duties and responsibilities
may not be as apparent. A middle manager or team leader’s role could
entail many different responsibilities and duties such as managing, coordinating,
leading, planning, etc. Despite a detailed job description when the individual
was hired, there often exists a cloud of ambiguity as to what the position
exactly encompasses given the wide-ranging scope of the position . Work stress
arises as a result of this because employees would be distressed over uncertainty
of the sufficiency of their tasks in relevance to their position and role.
Furthermore, employees may not be clear as to the amount of work expected
of him or her. When employees do not know how much effort they should commit
to their jobs in order to satisfy their superior’s expectations, a certain
level of employee work stress would arise in that the individual would be
constantly worried about the adequacy of his / her level of effort. In essence,
employees need to know exactly the tasks expected of them and the level of
effort to put into those tasks.The issue here is essentially a communications problem between management
and employees. Management should communicate its expectations to employees
whether as a group or individually. Since increased communications is the
primary solution in this case, management should also promote a working
environment where employees are encouraged to voice their concerns, questions,
etc. to their respective superiors. Managers, themselves, should adapt a
managing style that is sensitive and responsive to employee stress. Communication
of management expectations can be achieved by analyzing each role in the
organization to clarify priorities and resolve conflict between roles. This
approach would first, clarify any ambiguity an employee may have about his
/ her position. Secondly, it effectively eliminates the stress from not knowing
what or how much to do. Informing employees of their role expectations is
only the beginning to reducing stress levels . Employee also require feedback
from their performance measures.3.2.2 Providing Feedback to Employees
Once role expectations are known, employees require feedback on their performance
to determine whether those expectations are met. In the absence of feedback,
employees would be worrying if their current levels of effort are satisfying
the expectations of them. A state of ambiguity would arise again, resulting
in increased stress levels.A systematic approach in providing periodical performance feedback to all
employees in the organization is required. One common approach adopted by
many companies are staff and staff-development schemes. They entail a periodical
one-on-one interview between managers and each of his / her subordinates.
During the interview, the manager would inform the employee of his / her
performance relative to previously set standards (ie. expectations). The
employee would be encouraged to provide his / her concerns regarding the
performance evaluation. Any problems and / or requests for assistance would
be communicated to the manager at this point. To conclude the interview,
the employee would set attainable future goals to improve or maintain the
current performance level.Royal Bank is a strong advocate of staff-development schemes. Employees meet
with their managers once every four months to discuss the employees’
performance to-date. The interview process is characterized by the supportive
and encouraging roles every manager adopts towards their subordinates. Unlike
many other appraisal interviews, managers do not only focus and highlight
employee weaknesses. When certain deficiencies in performance are discussed,
managers recognize that negative feedback is uncomfortable to both parties
and can also be counter-productive. Thus, they usually identify areas for
improvement to employees in a very supportive approach. The objective is
to rectify the deficiency by motivating the employee to change, rather than
imposing additional stress on him / her by merely pointing the weakness(s)
out.3.1.3 Job Training Programs
Job training programs provide employees with a broader knowledge and skills
enabling them to better handle the expectations from their roles. Employee
stress is often caused by the lack of skills or knowledge to meet designated
objectives and goals. These programs usually take on two forms – knowledge-based
development and skills-based development. Knowledge-based development programs
usually involve a conference or seminar where the aim is to broaden the
attendees’ knowledge of a certain topic such as infomatics seminar briefing
employees on the latest networking technologies. The knowledge gained from
such programs may or may not be utilized in the everyday job routines of
employees. Alternatively, skill-based development programs focus on training
employees to become more proficient in the use of certain behaviours such
as assertiveness training. While job training programs can reduce work stress,
there are essentially three conditions to its success . First, the job training
must be required by the employee. No benefit would be derived if an employee
is trained for something that is not relevant to the work he / she performs
everyday. Secondly, management must discourage any perception by employees
that training programs are a form of reward or punishment, or else the entire
purpose of the training initiative would be lost. Finally, preparation is
required to benefit fully from the program.
4.0 Conclusion
Work stress places a very high toll on both employees and employers. An employee
subjected to high levels of stress could experience both physical and mental
side-effects. Physical side effects such as hypertension, coronary disease,
infections, ulcers could greatly decrease the lifespan of the person. The
psychological effects such as repressed emotions, anger, and isolation have
a direct negative impact on organizational productivity. Thus, organizations
have a great responsibility in reducing the stress of their employees, and
in general be concerned about their well-being.There are numerous methods to counter the stress problem. The report has
cited only the basics which are applicable to most organizations. The first
step for management is to set out the intention to reduce employee stress
in as an organizational goal. Provisions detailing the organization’s
planned approach should be drafted.Informing employees of management’s expectations is one method to reduce
a large portion of the anxiety employees may have about their jobs. Secondly,
management must provide subordinates feedback on their performance. Management
should also provide job training for all employees to enable them to better
perform their jobs and reduce the stress associated with the feeling of
inadequacy to perform one’s duties.
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