Ethic Focus Essay, Research Paper

Grappling for ways to halt the spread of plagiarism and other cheating in

college, professors often get stuck on the idea that it’s too late to change

students’ behavior by the time they reach college. But a growing number of

campuses, backed by new research, are out to prove otherwise. "Student

behavior is affected by the communities we build," said Gary Pavela, the

University of Maryland’s director of judicial programs and student ethical

conduct. Students cheat in high school in part because the think everyone else

does. But students can change their ways if colleges clearly demand honesty,

engage students in ethical issues and put them in charge of enforcement, said

Pavela and his colleagues at such schools as UC Davis and Kansas State

University, which are in the vanguard of a new movement to change the academic

culture. A new large-scale study suggests they may be right. Although a

startling 68% of college students admitted in an anonymous survey last fall that

they engaged in some form of serious cheating, self-reported cheating was 10

percentage points lower on campuses that simply make a big fuss about academic

integrity. The rates dipped even lower at colleges with formal honor codes. The

survey results, which are to be released this week, are the first indication

that anti-cheating campaigns are making inroads at the large public universities

where many professors fear a spreading epidemic of academic dishonesty.

"The results directly challenge the broad view that a kid’s ethical views

at age 17 or 18 are set by their parents for good or ill," Pavela said.

Administrators and student leaders have cribbed ideas from smaller colleges with

traditional honor codes and modified them to work on large campuses. At UC

Davis, the topic of academic integrity is everywhere, brought up by the students

themselves. As final exams approach each term, students give their peers free

cards stamped, "Honesty is the only policy," and free No. 2 pencils

with the inscription: "Fill in your own bubble or be in trouble."

Older students do skits to show incoming freshmen what can happen if they

violate the code of academic conduct. Professors and their teaching assistants

regularly turn in undergraduates for the smallest of infractions. In case

students somehow miss the point, every Wednesday the campus newspaper’s judicial

report reveals all the embarrassing details–except for names–of what one

sophomore calls "a parade of unbelievably stupid acts" of plagiarism,

improper collaboration and wandering eyes. All this attention on cheating seems

to make a difference. "I would never want to cheat here–it’s just too

scary," said Tina Valenzuela, a UC Davis senior who wants to go to

veterinary school. "Just the fact that if you get caught, you’d read about

it in the paper." At UC Davis, only 31% of students reported that they got

the questions or answers from someone else who had already taken a test before

they did–one of the most common forms of cheating. By comparison, on campuses

that place less emphasis on academic integrity or ignore the issue altogether,

54% of students reported getting questions or answers. A skeptic might ask if

students at schools with honor codes are simply less likely to admit–even

anonymously–that they have violated the rules. Donald L. McCabe, the Rutgers

University management professor who conducted the newest study, part of a decade

of research on the subject of cheating, thinks not. Lower cheating rates at

honor code schools are validated by surveys of faculty and by students who have

attended both kinds of institutions, McCabe said. McCabe’s latest survey, which

last fall collected the responses of 2,100 students and 1,000 faculty members at

21 campuses across the country, showed that: * Nationwide, most forms of

cheating remain at or near record levels. * Men admit to more cheating than

women, fraternity and sorority members more than nonmembers; students with lower

grade-point averages say they cheat more than those with high GPAs. * Students

pursuing degrees in journalism and communications, business and engineering

reported cheating more than those in the sciences, social sciences or

humanities. * Only 9.7% of students reported "plagiarizing a paper in any

way using the Internet," suggesting that such cheating is not as rampant as

some fear. * Nearly 88% of faculty reported that they observed some form of

serious cheating, yet 32% never did anything about it. When asked why they

ignored the problem, professors routinely told McCabe that they feared they

wouldn’t be backed by administrators and could end up facing legal liability. A

typical fear, he said, is expressed this way: "I accuse someone of cheating

and the next thing I know I’m sitting in the administration building with the

student, the student’s parents and the family lawyer." Robert Redinbo,

professor of electrical and computer engineering at UC Davis, said that such

hassles often dissuade professors at other campuses from turning in students.

"It’s a lot of paperwork and committees and headaches, so they don’t do

it." By contrast, at UC Davis, where the administration makes it easy to

report cheating, faculty members turn in three times more students for cheating

than at any other UC campus, said Jeanne Wilson, director of student judicial

affairs. Unlike traditional honor code schools that automatically expel students

for cheating, UC Davis offers milder forms of punishment for students who own up

to their mistakes in counseling session with judicial offers. Punishment can be

suspension or probation with chores such as writing a paper on why students

shouldn’t cheat and performing community service to spread the word to their

peers. The escalating problem of cheating isn’t unique to college. In fact, it’s

one of the few things that most students seem to master in high school, if not

earlier. A record 80% of the nation’s brightest high school seniors admitted

cheating, according to Who’s Who Among American High School Students. For many

it’s a measure of high school bravado, a game of us-against-them: What can

thrill-seeking teenagers get away with under the noses of teachers who are

either too clueless or battle-weary to care? The psychology shifts in

college–or at least it can, McCabe said. Although McCabe believes every school

has a contingent of hard-core cheaters and strict non-cheaters on the margins,

the vast majority of students, he said, make up their minds after they get to

college. If they see widespread cheating, students feel compelled to join in to

make sure their grades do not suffer from an inflated curve, he said. If they

sense that cheating is rare and socially unacceptable and that they are

competing on a level playing field, they are less likely to do it. "That’s

where honor codes can make a big difference," McCabe said. Schools with

traditional honor codes, such as Princeton, Rice and the University of Virginia,

have some of the lowest rates of cheating, surveys show. Under traditional honor

codes, students sign a pledge that they will not cheat and, in return,

professors do not monitor exams. A violation of this trust often means

expulsion. Students say they appreciate the trust and freedom of unproctored or

take-home exams and are thus more willing to meet higher expectations. Yet only

about 100 of the nation’s 3,500 colleges and universities have such traditional

honor codes. Many others were casualties of the student movement in the 1960s.

Suddenly, though, a resurgence seems to be underway. The University of Miami, as

well as Georgetown, George Washington and Colgate universities have adopted

honor codes in recent years, and the University of Mississippi and the

University of San Diego are headed that way too. "You can only get so far

with better faculty enforcement," said Pat Drinan, dean of the college of

arts and sciences at the University of San Diego. "If you want to make a

significant difference in cheating rates, you have to change the culture and

move toward an honor code." The Center for Academic Integrity at Duke

University, founded by McCabe in 1992, now has more than 200 member colleges and

universities. Its annual meetings swell every year with more students, faculty

and administrators pursuing honor codes. Cheating generally runs higher on

larger campuses, making exams without proctors impractical for classes that

enroll 100 students or more. So places like UC Davis, which has 25,000 students,

continue to monitor exams but also embrace aspects of an honor code that seem to

work: putting students in charge of inspiring their peers not to cheat and

disciplining those who do. Under UC Davis’ modified honor code, the student-run

Campus Judicial Board decides the fate of students in the thorniest cheating

cases. The board members–and often the students who come before them–also

become campus cheerleaders for academic honesty. "The university takes

pride in catching people early on and turning them around," said John

McCann, an engineering student. "I know because I was one of those

cases." McCann was caught two years ago lifting another student’s homework

because he couldn’t figure out some problems. "I knew I made a mistake and

I admitted it," he said. "I had to take my punches." Initially

threatened with suspension for one academic quarter, McCann ended up on

probation with public service. McCann, now a graduate student and teaching

assistant, has found himself turning in undergraduates for copying each other’s

homework. "In my classes," McCann said, "I make an announcement:

‘You do not cheat. Even if I don’t catch you, you won’t be able to pretend you

know the material. In industry, you cannot pretend. If you don’t know what you

are doing, you will get fired.’ " Beginning Monday, Judicial Board members

will hold seminars and hand out T-shirts and other freebies during the campus’

Integrity Week. "De-Stress Day" comes closer to finals, with free ice

cream and a chance to dunk an administrator into a tank of water. "People

say, ‘I’m not normally the kind of person who cheats, but I was so stressed

out,’ " said P.J. Haley, a sophomore on the Campus Judicial Board. "We

say, the point is not to stress out so much . . . and do the right thing."