Social, Political And Economic Effects Of WWI Essay, Research Paper

Social, Political and Economic Effects of WWI

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“Everywhere in the world was heard the sound of things breaking.” Advanced European

societies could not support long wars or so many thought prior to World War I. They

were right in a way. The societies could not support a long war unchanged. The First

World War left no aspect of European civilization untouched as pre-war governments

were transformed to fight total war. The war metamorphed Europe socially, politicaly,

economically, and intellectualy.

European countries channeled all of their resources into total war which resulted in

enormous social change. The result of working together for a common goal seemed to

be unifying European societies. Death knocked down all barriers between people. All

belligerents had enacted some form of a selective service which levelled classes in

many ways. Wartime scarcities made luxury an impossibility and unfavorable. Reflecting

this, clothing became uniform and utilitarian. Europeans would never again dress in

fancy, elaborate costumes. Uniforms led the way in clothing change. The bright

blue-and-red prewar French infantry uniforms had been changed after the first few

months of the war, since they made whoever wore them into excellent targets for

machine guns. Women’s skirts rose above the ankle permanently and women became

more of a part of society than ever. They undertook a variety of jobs previously held

by men. They were now a part of clerical, secretarial work, and te! aching. They were

also more widely employed in industrial jobs. By 1918, 37.6 percent of the work force in

the Krupp armaments firm in Germany was female. In England the proportion of women

works rose strikingly in public transport (for example, from 18,000 to 117,000 bus

conductors), banking (9,500 to 63,700), and commerce (505,000 to 934,000). Many

restrictions on women disappeared during the war. It became acceptable for young,

employed, single middle-class women to have their own apartments, to go out without

chaperones, and to smoke in public. It was only a matter of time before women

received the right to vote in many belligerent countries. Strong forces were shaping the

power and legal status of labor unions, too. The right of workers to organize was

relatively new, about half a century. Employers fought to keep union organizers out of

their plants and armed force was often used against striking workers. The universal

rallying of workers towards their flag at the beginning of the war led to wider

acceptance of unions. It was more of a bureaucratic route than a parliamentary route

that integrated organized labor into government, however. A long war was not possible

without complete cooperation of the workers with respect to putting in longers hours

and increasing productivity. Strike activity had reached its highest levels in history just

before the war. There had been over 1,500 diffent work stoppages in France and 3,000

in Germany during 1910. More than a million British workers stopped at one time or

another in 1912. In Britain, France, and Germany, deals were struck between unions

and government to eliminate strikes and less favorable work conditions in exchange for

immediate integration into the government process. This integration was at the cost of

having to act more as managers of labor than as the voice of the labor. Suddenly, the

strikes stopped during the first year of the war. Soon the enthusiasm died down,

though. The revival of strike activity in 1916 shows that the social peace was already

wearing thin. Work stoppages and the number of people on strike in France quadrupled

in 1916 compared to 1915. In Germany, in May 1916, 50,000 Berlin works held a

three-day walkout to protest the arrest of the pacifist Karl Liebknecht. By the end of

the war most had rejected the government offer of being integrated in the

beaurocracy, but not without playing an important public role and gaining some

advantages such as collective bargaining. The war may have had a leveling effect in

many ways, but it also sharpened some social differences and conflicts.

Soldiers were revolting just like workers:

They [soldiers] were no longer willing to sacrifice their lives when shirkers at home

were earning all the money, tkaing, the women around in cars, cornering all the best

jobs, and while so many profiteers were waxing rich.

The draft was not completely fair since ot all men were sent to the trenches. Skilled

workers were more important to industry and some could secure safe assignments at

home. Unskilled young males and junior officers paid with their lives the most. The

generation conflict was also widened by the war as Veterens’ disillusionment fed off of

anger towards the older generation for sending them to the trenches.

Governments took on many new powers in order to fight the total war. War

governments fought opposition by increasing police power. Authoritatian regimes like

tsarist Russia had always depended on the threat of force, but now even parliamentary

governments felt the necessity to expand police powers and control public opinion.

Britain gave police powers wide scope in August 1914 by the Defence of the Realm Act

which authorized the public authorities to arrest and punish dissidents under martial law

if necessary. Through later acts polices powers grew to include suspending newspapers

and the ability to intervene in a citizen’s private life in the use of lights at home, food

consumption, and bar hours. Police powers tended to grow as the war went on and

public opposition increased as well. In France a sharp rise of strikes, mutinies, and talk

of a negotiated peace raised doubts about whether France could really carry on the

war in 1917. A group of French political leaders ! decided to carry out the war at the

cost of less internal liberty. The government cracked down on anyone suspected of

supporting a compromise peace. Many of the crackdowns and treason charges were

just a result of war hysteria or calculated politcal opportunism. Expanded police powers

also included control of public information and opinion. The censorship of newspapers

and personal mail was already an established practice. Governments regularly used their

power to prevent disclosure of military secrets and the airing of dangerous opinions

considering war efforts. The other side of using police power on public opinion was the

“organizing of enthusiasm,” which could be thought of as:

Propaganda tries to force a doctrine on the whole people; the organization embraces

within its scope only those who do not threaten on psychological grounds to become a

brake on the further dissemination of the idea.

World War I provided a place for the birth of propaganda which countries used with

even more frightening results during World War II. Governments used the media to

influence people to enlist and to brainwash them war into supporting the war. The

French prime minister used his power to draft journalists or defer them in exchange for

favorable coverage. The German right created a new mass party, the Fatherland Party.

It was backed by secret funds from the army and was devoted to propaganda for war

discipline. By 1918, the Fatherland Party was larger than the Social Democratic Party.

Germany had become quite effective at influencing the masses.

The economic impact of the war was very disaproportioned. At one end there were

those who profited from the war and at the other end were those who suffered under

the effects of inflation. The opportunities to make enormous amounts of money in war

manufacture were plentiful. War profiteers were a public scandal. Fictional new rich, like

the manufacturer of shoddy boots in Jules Romains’s Verdun had numerous real-life

counterparts. However, government rarely intervened in major firms, as happened when

the German military took over the Daimler motor car works for padding costs on

war-production contracts. Governments tended to favor large, centralized industries

over smaller ones. The war was a stimulus towards grouping companies into larger

firms. When resources became scarce, nonessential firms, which tended to be small,

were simply closed down. Inflation was the greatest single economic factor as war

budges rose to astronomical figures and massive demand forced shor! tages of many

consumer goods. Virtually ever able-bodied person was employed to keep up with the

demand. This combination of high demand, scarcity, and full employment sent prices

soaring, even in the best managed countries. In Britain, a pound sterling brought in

1919 about one-third of what it had bought in 1914. French prices approximately

doubled during the war and it only got worse during the 1920’s. Inflation rates were

even higher in other belligerents The German currency ceased to have value in 1923. All

of this had been forseen by John M. Keynes as a result of the Versailles Treaty:

The danger confonting us, therefore, is the rapid depression of the standard of life of

the European populations to a point which will mean actual starvation for some (a

point already reached in Russian and approximately reach in Austria).

Inflation affected different people quite differently. Skilled workers in strategic

industries found that their wages kept pace with prices or even rose a little faster.

Unskilled workers and workers in less important industries fell behind. Clerks, lesser civil

servants, teachers, clergymen, and small shopkeepers earned less than many skilled

labors. Those who suffered the most were those dependent on fixed incoming. The

incomes of old people on pensions or middle class living on small dividends remained

about the same while prices double or tripled. These dropped down into poverty. These

“new poor” kept their pride by repairing old clothes, supplementing food budget with

gardens, and giving up everything to appear as they had before the war. Inflation

radically change the relative position of many in society. Conflicts arose over the

differences in purchasing power. All wage earners had less real purchasing power at the

end of the war than they had had at the beginning. To make matters worse some great

fortunes were built during the wartime and postwar inflation. Those who were able to

borrow large amounts of money could repay their debts in devalued currency from their

war profit.

Four years of chaos and utter destruction had smashed the old world Europe. The most

“advanced” quarter of the world had turned to violence and barbarism of its own

accord. Progress and reason had been suppressed for destruction.

Moreover, it has brought to light an almost incredible phenomenon: the civilized nations

know and understand one another so little that one can turn against the other with

hate and loathing. Indeed, one of the great civilized nations is so universally unpopular

that the attempt can actually be made to exclude it from the civilized community as

“barbaric,” although it has long proved its fitness by the magnificent contributions to

that community which it has made.

The early part of the war satisfied the fascination with speed, violence, and the

machine as manifested in the pre-war Futurists. Many movements shared a resolute

“modernist” contempt for all academic styles in the arts, a hatred for bourgeois culture,

and a commitment to the free expression of individuals. All these feelings were given an

additional jolt of violence and anger by the horrors of the wartime experience. During

the war there was a loss of illusions as described in All Quiet on the Western Front.

Poets, like others, had gone to war in 1914 believing in heroism and nobility. Trench

warfare hardened and embittered many.

Freud said of disillusionment: When I speak of disillusionment, everyone will know at

once what i mean. One need not be a sentimentalist; one may perceive the biological

and psychological necessity for surrering in the economy of human life, and yet

condemn war both in its means and ends and long for the cessation of all wars.

British poet, Wilfred Own, who was killed in 1918 was transformed from a young

romantic into a powerful denouncer of those who had sent young men off to war. In

“Dulce et Decorum Est” he mocked “the old lie” that it was good to die for one’s

country, after giving a searing description of a gassed soldier coughing out his lungs.

The anger of the soldier-poets was directed against those who had sent them to the

war, not their enemy. The war experience did not produce new art forms or styles. It

acted largely to make the harshest themes and the grimmest or most mocking forms of

expression of prewar intellectual life seem more appropriate, and to fost experiments in

opposition to the dominant values of contemporary europe. The Dada movement, which

mocked old values and ridiculed stuffy bourgeois culture, was one of these movements.

A mood of desolation and emptiness prevailed at the end of a war where great sacrifice

had brought little gain. It was not clear where post-war anger would be focused, but it

would definately be in antibourgeois politics.

The echoes of a world shattering were heard throughout the world as Europe collapsed

into total war. These echoes were the sound of change as Europe was transformed

socially, politicaly, economically, and intellectualy into a machine of complete

destruction. Europe would never be the same again.