Battle On March 9Th Essay, Research Paper

The battle on March 9, 1862, between the USS Monitor and the CSS Merrimack is one of the most revolutionary naval battles in world history. Up until that point, all battles had been waged between wooden ships. This was the first battle in maritime history that two ironclad ships waged war.

The USS Merrimack was a Union frigate throughout most of its existence, up until the Union Navy abandoned the Norfolk Naval Yard. To prevent the Confederate Navy from using her against them, the Union Navy scuttled her. The Confederates, however, raised the ship from the shallow floor of the ocean and began making some major modifications. Confederate engineers cut the hull down to the water line and built a slanted top on it. Then, they bolted four layers of iron sheets, each two inches thick, to the entire structure. Also added was a huge battering ram to the bow of the ship to be used in ramming maneuvers. The ship was then fitted with ten twelve-pound cannons. There were four guns placed on each side, and one in the front and rear of the vessel. Due to its massive nature the ship’s draft was enormous, it stretched twenty-two feet to the bottom. The ship was so slow and long, that it required a turning radius of about one mile. Likened to a “floating barn roof ” and not predicted to float, the only individual willing to take command of the ship was Captain Franklin Buchanan. After all the modifications were complete, the ship was rechristened the CSS Virginia, but the original name the CSS Merrimack is the preferred name.

The USS Monitor was the creation of Swedish-American engineer, John Ericsson. The ship was considered small for a warship, only 172 feet long and 42 feet wide. Confederate sailors were baffled by the ship. One was quoted describing her as “an immense shingle floating on the water with a giant cheese box rising from its center.” The “giant cheese bx” described by the sailer was a nine by twenty foot revolving turret with two massive guns inside. The Monitor used two of the eleven inch guns. These guns were massive rifled cannons that were capable of firing a variety of shot. The armor of this ship was a two inch thick layer of steel that shielded the ship. The deck was so low to the water line, about one foot, that waves frequently washed over the deck causing the ship to lose its balance in the water. Due to the low profile, the entire crew was located below the water line, so one armor piercing hit would kill the entire crew. The only individual willing to take command of the ship was Lieutenant John Worden.

The battle at Hampton Roads was part of the Peninsula Campaign that lasted from March to August of 1862. There was a total of five ships engaged in the battle. From the US Navy, there were four ships, the USS Congress, USS Minnesota, USS Cumberland, and the Monitor. The Confederate Navy had one ship, the Merrimack. On March 8, 1862, the Merrimack steamed into Hampton Roads. She proceeded to sink the USS Cumberland and then ran the

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USS Congress aground. Captain Buchanan then set his sights on the already handicapped USS Minnesota. The USS Minnesota was run aground on one of the shores. Capt. Buchanan did not know, but the USS Monitor was lying in wait, ordered to protect the wounded USS Minnesota. Worden steamed out into the middle of the bay to meet the Merrimack. The Monitor fired first in a drawn

out battle that lasted about four and a half hours.

After four and a half hours, the Merrimack withdrew due to falling tides. The Monitor did not make chase because of a crack in the turret. The result of the battle was a stale mate, both sides claiming victory. The estimated casualties resulting from the battle were extreme. The Union lost about 400 sailors and the Confederacy lost about 25 sailors. The battle was so impressive to the leaders of both the Union and the Confederacy, that they contracted their Naval yards to have more ironclad ships built. Additions to the Confederate fleet included the CSS Tennessee, a 209 foot long blockade runner with four broadside cannons and pivoted cannons at the bow and stern. Additions to the Union Navy included the USS Carondelet. Armed with thirteen guns and stationed on the Mississippi, she was a formidable opponent. Prior to the building of the USS Monitor, the USS New Ironsides was built. It was believed to be the strongest ship built by the Northern Navy. Wooden ships were now obsolete. Ironclad ships began to roll out of ship yards more often than their wooden counterparts. The invention of the ironclads in the Civil War set examples for the future of ship building in the United States.

The ironclads were at an advantage over the wooden ships of the two Navies because of their superior technology. Ironclads could withstand hours of battering by artillery, and they could be used to cut traffic lanes through mine fields. Their armor could resist the blast from a mine considerably better than any wooden ship could. They could also carry more powerful guns. Due to their increased stability in the water these massive ships could easily endure the recoil of a huge cannon. Another useful characteristic of the ironclads was their ability to be used in ramming missions. The hull of the ship would not be compromised by a hit associated with ramming a wooden vessel.

Because of Civil War technology, the United States has never built another wooden battleship since the introduction of the ironclads. Every armed conflict since then has seen more and more improvements in the way ironclad ships were built. The introduction of multiple massive turrets improved firepower dramatically. Later innovations included improved power plants and more devastating weapons. Although the wooden ship has proved extremely effective in naval battles throughout history, the advent of the ironclad totally revolutionized the way in which naval forces around the world approach warfare. From the moment the two ships opened fire that Sunday morning, every other navy on earth was obsolete.