The Gem Of Magnetic Fluids Essay, Research Paper

1.1 PRELUDE:The phenomenon of ferromagnetism is associated only with the solid state of matter; like iron, nickel, cobalt and some rare earth metals and their alloys. Thus, up to now, there is no intrinsic homogeneous fluid having ferromagnetic properties; although, theories admit the possibility of ferromagnetism in the liquid state, and suggest that there is no inherent reason why they should not exist [1-3,5]. Ferromagnetism occurs when paramagnetic ions in a solid lock together in such a way that their spins all point (on the average) in the same direction . At a certain temperature this locking breaks down and ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. This transition temperature is called the Curie point (TC), which is invariably well below the melting point of the corresponding material [1,8,12].

1.2 MAGNETIC FLUIDS:Magnetic fluids ( MF ) are stable colloidal suspensions of ultrafine ferro- or ferri- magnetic particles ( D100Ao ), coated with a surfactant like oleic acid, in a suitable liquid carriers such as Isopar-M, kerosene, decalin, etc., [1,2].

The idea of MF was put forward independently and almost simultaneously by several investigators. The first prepared MF was developed by Stephen Papell of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the early 1960s. After that, Ronald E. Rosensweig and his colleagues succeeded in formulating MFs that were 10 times as strong magnetically as Papell`s original MF [1].

The special feature of magnetic fluids is given by the fact, that they combine normal liquid behavior with superparamagnetic properties, as will be discussed later. The possibility of magnetic fluid control gave rise to the development of many technical applications in our everyday life [1-3].

Mixtures are classified into three kinds: colloidal suspensions, suspensions, and solutions, and one of the principal features that differentiate one kind of mixture from another is the size of the particles [6]. Colloidal suspensions (also called colloids) are mixtures that are intermediate between solutions and suspensions. Typically the radius of the particle is of the order 100Ao. Since this is much smaller than the size of a single magnetic domain in bulk solids, which is about , the magnetization of the individual particle is saturated, but the direction of the magnetic moment is subject to thermal agitation [1,2,5]. The particles used are commonly Fe3O4, Fe, Co and Ni.

MF is a two-phase system with three components, which combines magnetic properties, carried by the solid magnetic fine particles, with fluidity of the carrier liquid. The liquid, which determines the chemical & mechanical properties of the MF, can in principle be any material in the liquid phase, but a non conducting one is usually used . Commonly used liquids are kerosene, water, hydrocarbon, paraffin, decalin and Isopar-M. The third component is called surfactant, which is very important component in order to obtain stable magnetic fluid [1-3,5].

Stability of a colloid against sedimentation and agglomeration is an important property that ensures the investigators of a well-defined material suitable for fluid applications as well as for scientific studies [3,7].

Sedimentation occurs under the action of gravitational field and magnetic field gradients. Agglomeration occurs mainly by two mechanisms: magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, and electrostatic London- type Van der Waals attractive forces. The thermal agitation energy (KBT) can overcome the mentioned mechanisms under certain conditions, except the Van der Waals forces. To solve this problem, the particles are coated with a dispersion layer, commonly called surfactant, like oleic acid.

N.B: This essay is taken from my M.Sc.thesis in Physics. Any suggestions or any questions about this subject is welcomed, esspecially via the e-mail: [email protected][1] R. Rosensweig; Ferrohydrodynamics, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1985.

[2] V.E.Fertman, Magnetic Fluid, (Hemisphere, New York, 1990).

[3] E. Blums, A. Cebers, M. M. Maiorov, (Magnetic Fluids), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1997.

[4] I. Abu-Aljarayesh and Sh. Migdadi S. J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 191 (1999) 174.

[5] K. O`Grady, Ph.D. Thesis, University College of North Wales, Bangor (1982), (unpublished).

[6] James E. Brady, (General Chemistry Principles And Structure), John Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 5th Ed. (1990).

[7] M.I. Shliomis, Sov. Phys. Usp., 17 (1974) 153.

[8] B.D. Cullity, Introduction to Magnetic Materials, Addison-Wesley, New York, 1972.

[9] G. Busch and H. Schade, (Lectures on Solid State physics), Pergamon Press, Printed in Hungary (1976), Vol. 79.

[10] C.B. Bean & J.D. Livingston, J. Appl. Phys. Supplement 30, (1959) 120S.

[11] R. Kaiser & G. Miskolczy, J. Appl. Phys. 41 ( 1970 ) 3.

[12] R. W. Chantrell, J. Popplewell and S.W. Charles, IEEE Magn., Mag-14, (1978) 975.

[13] A. F. Pshenichnikov, V. V. Mikhonoshin, A.V. Lebedev, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 161 (1996 ) 94.

[14] R. D. Shull, R.D. McMicheal, L. J. Swartzendruber, and L.H. Bennett in Magnetic Properties of Fine Particles, Edited by J. L. Dormann and D. Fiorani, ( North Holland Delta Series, 1992 ). Page 161.

[15] A. Aharoni, Phys. Rev. B46 (1992) 1.

[16] A. Aharoni, Introduction to the theory of ferromagnetism, Clarendon Press. Oxford, (1996).

[17] F. W.Sears, M. W. Zemansky, H. D. Young in (University Physics), (Addison-Wesley Series in Physics), 1982.

[18] J. Popplewell and L. Sakhnini; (Particle Size Measurements in Magneic Fluids), CTAP first Symposium on Magnetics, Edited by S. H. Mahmood, (1993) 53.

[19] J. C. Bacri, R. Perzynski, D. Salin, V. Cabuil, R. Massart, J. Mag. Mag. Mater 62 (1986) 36.

[20] R. D. McMichael, R. D. Shull, L. J. Swartzendruber, L. H. Bennett & R. E. Watson in Magnetocaloric Effect In Superparamagnetism, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 111 (1992) 29.

[21] I. Abu-Aljarayesh and A. Abu-Libdeh, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 96 (1991) 89.

[22] L. H. Bennett, R. D. McMichael, L. J. Swartzendruber, R. D. Shull, and R. E. Watson, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 104-107 (1992) 1094.

[23] R. E. Rosensweig, Scientific American, Vol. (1982), 124.

[24] A. O. Ivanov, Mag. Mag. Mater. 154 (1996) 66.

[25] S. Chikazumi, S. Taketomi, M. Ukita, M. Mizukami, H. Miyajima, M. Setogawa, and Y. Kurihara, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 65 (1987) 245.

[26] S. Taketomi, Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 57, No. 3, March 1998.

[27] H Huang, Z. B. Cuo, D.H. Wang, Y. W. Du, J.Mag. Mag. Mater. 173 (1997) 302.

[28] G. Kloos, J.Mag. Mag. Mater. 172 (1997) 247.

[29] M. S. Dababneh, N.Y. Ayoub, I.Odeh and N. M. Laham, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 125 (1993) 34.

[30] D. J. Craik, Structure And Properties Of Magnetic Materials, Applied Physics Series, 1971.

[31] J. Popplewell, B. Abu Aisheh, and N.Y. Ayoub, J. Appl. Phys. 64 (10), (1988) 5852.

[32] K. O`Grady, A. Bradbury, S.W. Charles, S. Menear, J. Popplewell, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 31 (1983) 958.

[33] K. O`Grady, A. Bradbury, J. Popplewell, S. W. Charles, and R. W. Chantrell, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 49 (1985) 106.

[34] C. Estournes, T. Lutz, J.Happich, T. Quatanta, P. Wissler, J. L. Guille, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 173 (1997) 83.

[35] A. Tari, R. W. Chantrell, S. W. Charles and J. Popplewell, Physica 97B (1979) 57.

[36] M. I. Shliomis and V. I. Stepanov, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 122 (1993) 196.

[37] D. Fiorani in Magnetic Properties Of Fine Particles, Edited by J. L Dormann and D. Fiorani, (North Holland Delta Series, 1992). Page 135.

[38] N. A. Yusuf, D. A. Manasrah, M. A. Abdallah, H. Abu-Safia, and I. Abu-Aljaraesh, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 138 (1994) 173.

[39] J. Shimoiizaka, K. Nakatsuka, and R. Chubachi, in Thermomechanics Of Magnetic Fluids, Edited by B. Berkovsky, (Organized by CISM and UNESCO, 1978). Page 67.

[40 ] Liquid Research LTD, Bangor, Wales, U.K.

[41] A.M.Tishin, J.Mag. Mag. Mater., 184 (1998) 62-66.

[42] S. Chaudhary, V.Sunil Kumar, S.B. Roy, P. Chaddah, S.R. Krishnakumar, V.G. Sathe, A. Kumar, D.D. Sarma, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 202 (1999) 47.

[43] S. O. Gladkov, Physica B 167 (1990) 145.

[44] L. Sjogren, J. Phys. B 79 (1990).

[45] S. O. Gladkov, Physica B 160 (1989) 211.

[46] W. Greiner, L. Neise, H. Stocker, Thermodynamics And Statistical Mechanics, Springer, second edition (1997).

[47] G. Hadjipanayis and D. J. Sellmyer, Phys. Rev. 23 (1981) 3349.

[48] K. Henjes, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 117 (1992) L311.

[49] M. I. Shliomis and V. I. Stepanov, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 122 (1993) 196.

[50] K. Henjes, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 146 (1995) L236.