Pollution 2 Essay, Research Paper

The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River is a body of water that stretches

for 315 miles from the Adirondack Mountains to the Battery in Manhattan, reaching its

deepest point of 216 feet in the Highlands near Constitution Island and West Point and

reaches its widest point of 3 miles across at Havestraw. This river is one of the most

beautiful and scenic of the Tri-State area. Unfortunately, it happens to be New York s

most polluted river. The river has been influenced upon since the early 1600 s, when

Englishman Henry Hudson commanded the Dutch ship Half Moon on an exploration of

the river, certain that he had discovered a trade route to China. It soon dawned that this

was no Atlantic-to-Pacific passage but an Edenlike place of awesome potential-a river

valley teeming with prospect and spirit that was worth fighting for. In the centuries that

followed, the fight for the river and its commerce never stopped, and still continues to the

present. Then during the Industrial Revolution, with the advent of hulking manufacturing

plants on the riverbanks, everything changed. The river became a sewer, cut off from the

people around it by the electrification of the railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie

Canal instantly opened trade to the Midwest by linking Troy to Buffalo and established

the Hudson River as the major commerce channel for New York City. Tycoons

transformed the landscape in New York and across the country with the railroad, and the

Hudson River valley became a hotbed for iron mining, limestone quarrying and

clear-cutting. Toward the 19th century, when dynamite blasting was reducing the face of

the Palisades to rubble, conservationists became alarmed that something was being lost

to progress. In 1900, New York and New Jersey established the Palisades Interstate Park

Commission to preserve the cliffs from further quarrying. Although conservation efforts

continued into the 20th century, there was no progress to protect the Hudson River and its

banks from industrial pollution. Some of the largest factories in the nation started

production on the Hudson River, including Anaconda Wire and Cable in

Hastings-on-Hudson and GM in the present day Sleepy Hallow, discharging waste into

the river. There are numerous known contaminated sites around the U.S. Among the

most dangerous of these, and of particular concern to residents of the Hudson Valley, are

the forty hot spots in the Hudson River resulting from the dumping and leakage from

General Electric plants at Fort Edward and Hudson Falls. From 1947 to 1977, these two

plants legally discharged from 500,000 to 1.5 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson,

and unknowingly saturated the bedrock beneath both sites with at least that much again.

There are PCBs in Hudson River water, biota, and sediment from Hudson Falls to New

York City – 200 miles that comprise the nations largest Superfund site. Pure PCBs are

oozing out of the bedrock to this day, constantly recontaminating the river and over

300,000 pounds remain concentrated in bottom sediments of the river today. The spread

of PCBs throughout the Hudson River and the food chain, which it supports, has created

one of the most extensive hazardous waste problems in the nation. Polychlorinated

biphenyl s (PCBs) are a group of synthetic oil-like chemicals (therefore insoluble in

water) of the organochlorine family. Until their toxic nature was recognized and their use

was banned in the 1970s, they were widely used as insulation in electrical equipment,

particularly transformers. Reputable chemists have since concluded, it was probably a

mistake ever to make or use PCBs. These are serious poisons, which have been shown

to cause damage to the reproductive, neurological and immune systems of wildlife and

humans and are known to cause cancer. Exposure has also been linked to behavioral

damage. Specifically, because PCBs in the body mimic estrogen, women of childbearing

age and their infants are particularly susceptible to a variety of development and

reproductive disorders. Once in the body, these compounds do one of two things: they

block the normal passage of hormones into their receptors, or, mimic the hormone itself

and enter the receptor in lieu of the hormone. By doing so can irrevocably alter and

damage the development of the organism. Small amounts of PCBs are taken up by

microscopic organisms in the riverbed and passed up through the food chain. PCBs

accumulate in microorganisms, which are eaten by small fish, which are eaten by big

fish, which are eaten by bigger fish still, and so on up the food chain. The process by

which PCBs concentrate at higher and higher levels up the food chain is called

biomagnification, or bioaccumulation. Once bottom-dwelling organisms absorb the

material, PCBs are not readily excreted and remain, in ever-increasing concentration,

lodged in the fatty body tissues of fish as they grow, as for humans they persist at

elevated levels within the bloodstream, allowing for continuous internal exposure. As one

consequence, a once-thriving commercial fishing industry in the Hudson Valley, earning

about $40 million annually is now all but dead. Almost all of the river-dwelling fish are

migratory, and the effects are such that the NYS Dept. of Health has issued an advisory

telling people to severely limit their consumption, even of fish caught recreationally in

the Hudson. Women of childbearing age and children under fifteen are advised to eat

none at all. All other individuals are advised to eat no more than one meal per week of

many species (like yellow perch) and no more than one meal per month of others (like

striped bass). Although humans can be exposed to PCBs in a variety of ways, eating

contaminated fish is by far the most potent route of human exposure, with exposure

levels of about 4,000 times greater than from breathing (contaminated air) or drinking

(contaminated water). Despite commercial fishery closures and recreational fishery

health advisories, exposure to PCB-contaminated Hudson River fish continues to occur!

The primary distribution of health advisories in NYS is through publication in

recreational fishing licenses. However, because licenses are not required on the main

stem of the Hudson or in the marine waters, many recreational anglers never receive

health advisories. As long as PCBs remain in the river, the danger of exposure will

remain as well. Removing contaminated sediments from the river is the surest way to

reduce PCB levels in fish, and in the people who eat Hudson River fish. The NYS DEC is

investigating a long-term solution to PCB-contamination at GE s facilities in Hudson

Falls and Fort Edward. This will include stopping ongoing migration of PCBs to the

Hudson River and remediating both upland sites. At the same time, EPA continues to

conduct a Superfund Reassessment of PCB-contaminated sediments. The culmination of

this process will result in a Record of Decision, which may recommend dredging

contaminated sediments for treatment and destruction. Advanced dredging techniques

exist which could remove the contaminated material with minimal dispersal of material

into the surrounding water. This has been successfully demonstrated in cleanups around

the country. Deposited onshore in a prepared location, the material could then be

concentrated and treated biochemically of preferably thermochemically under controlled

conditions to break down the PCB molecules into hazardous residues. These are

established, proven technologies. Another technique of removal would be the usage of a

cutterhead suction dredge. This will limit the resuspention of contaminated sediments

within the water column by combining the action of a rotating cutter with hydraulic

suction. This has been shown to have a more effective and efficient design than other

dredging equipment, with the most operational flexibility and the best maneuverability

near shorelines. A total project cost of $280 million has been estimated. This is less than

one percent of GE s annual revenues! PCBs will not be removed from the Hudson River

without two things: political will and money. There is a strong need for further research

of these techniques as well as its effects on the environment within and around it. We can

help by writing to the state legislatures or senators, EPA, or, NYS DEC urging them to:

Order prompt and comprehensive cleanup of PCBs from the riverbed Use safe, effective

and commercially available technologies to permanently destroy PCBs once they are

dredged Require GE (the company responsible for the contamination) to pay for a full

cleanup. With the help and action of non-profit organizations, environmental groups, as

well as the human population, there is hope to defend the river and its once awesome awe

renewed. I grew up and lived on the river all my life and it makes me sick to know that

this happened, because it affects relatives, friends and myself. I am part of some of the

organizations listed in the bibliography and continue to do my fair share of letter writing

to save the most serene place in my life, my home– the river!