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Реферат на тему Bronchitis

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Bronchitis – Summary- Essay, Research Paper

Bronchitis – Summary-

DEFINITION

Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi. It may

develop suddenly, following a head cold (acute bronchitis), or it

may persist or return regularly for many years, causing

progressive degeneration of the bronchi and lungs (chronic

bronchitis). Certain people are more susceptible than others;

Men are more of a target to bronchitis than women, out numbering

them 10 to 1 the reasons are unclear. Of course smokers are

50 times more likely to get chronic bronchitis than non smokers.

Acute bronchitis is a bacteria or virus infection, often

following a cold smoking. People who have acute bronchitis

usually have a mild fever, soreness under breast bone, irritated

by coughing. First they have a dry cough then the cough later

brings up green and yellow mucus. The cough may persist to 4 to

6 weeks. Chronic bronchitis is produced by other chronic

problem: sinusitis, smoking, TB, etc. The Bronchi becomes thick,

inelastic, and accumulate mucus and pus in lower part of lungs

instead of bringing discharges up and out. The result is chronic

cough, shortness of breath, sometimes spasm, and frequent

infection.

SYMPTOMS

In acute bronchitis, the basic symptoms are a head cold,

fever and chills, running nose, aching muscles and possibly back

pains. This is soon followed by the obvious persistent cough.

At first the cough is dry and racking and eventually becomes

phlegmy. The persistent cough is worse at night than during the

day, and when the person breathes in smoke and fumes.

The main symptoms most recognized in chronic bronchitis is,

again, a cough, with sputum, often occurring in paroxysms. Other

symptoms in chronic bronchitis are dependant on how much, or how

little, emphysema is present. This disorder causes the lungs to

become overstretched, making the breathing process difficult.

The chronic bronchitic with no emphysema tends to be

overweight and often has a bluish tinge to his or her lips due to

lack of oxygen. Shortness of breath only occurs during exercise

and other strenuous activity. The bronchitic with a great deal

of emphysema, who has lost a lot of his or her oxygen

exchanging ability, due to the condition, is short of breath at

all times. The bronchitic with emphysema very often are

underweight and, as the disease comes worse, develops a barrel

chest. The Chronic bronchitic also wheezes because of the

obstruction.

CAUSES

The cause of bronchitis are from viral or bacterial

infections which spreads to the chest. The body uses defence

mechanisms to try to prevent the viruses and bacterias from

spreading the infections. Examples of defence mechanisms are

sneezing, coughing, etc. There are also white blood cells to

help us the fight off the bacterias and viruses. However if new

viruses and bacterias enters our body then the white blood cells

will have to take some time to recognize the new viruses and

bacterias. Fortunately, a different kind of white blood cells

try to fight off the bacterias and viruses as much as they can

but unfortunately as they are doing that, they are releasing

other chemicals. The chemicals enter the tissue that surrounds

the trachea and they begin to expand and swell up. As they

expand, they squeeze the trachea diagram. As a result, less air

can pass through the trachea causing a short of breath. Generally,

bronchitis occurs with greater frequency in winter, in damp, cold

climates, and in heavy polluted environments.

TREATMENT

The best treatment for acute bronchitis is bed rest in a

warm room. Cough medicines will relieve the cough and aspirin

will reduce the fever. Acute bronchitis that is viral usually

runs it’s course without medication. A proper diet and avoidance

of additional irritants such as smoking are recommended. Steam

inhalations is helpful in eliminating congestive mucus.

Antibiotics may be needed if the cause is bacteria.

reatment of chronic bronchitis is more difficult. The

patients lungs are already damaged and the destruction of the

airways are not easily renewed. Bronchial dilator drugs may be

given to the patient to relieve any such obstruction, while

physiotherapy will help the patient get rid of any sputum.

Yoga and breathing exercises may help shortness of breath.

In severe cases, urgent hospital treatment may be required.

Oxygen may have to be given through the course of the illness.

Postal drainage can also be tried. This is when the patient

lies on a bed, a large cushion raising the groin, and smaller

pillows supporting the chest. Tapping the chest in this

position causes the patient to cough up sputum. The patient

should stop smoking immediately, although this will not

reverse the chronic bronchitis, it will arrest it. Chronic

bronchitis should try to avoid environments where there are

irritants that can bring on attacks.Bronchitis is prevented

by keeping good health habits and by giving instant treatment

to milder respiratory infections. Living in a clean environment

and not smoking or not inhaling cigarette smoke is strongly

recommended.


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