Human Cloning Essay, Research Paper

Human Cloning

In the article that I chose there are two opposing viewpoints on the issue of Should Human Cloning Ever Be Permitted? John A. Robertson is an attorney who argues that there are many potential benefits of cloning and that a ban on privately funded cloning research is unjustified and that this type of research should only be regulated. On the flip side of this issue Attorney and medical ethicist George J. Annas argues that cloning devalues people by depriving them of their uniqueness and that a ban should be implemented upon it. Both express valid points and I will critique the articles to better understand their points.

John A. Robertson s article Human Cloning and the Challenge of Regulation raises three important reasons on why there shouldn t be a ban on Human Cloning but that it should be regulated. Couples who are infertile might choose to clone one of the partners instead of using sperm, eggs, or embryo s from anonymous donors. In conventional in vitro fertilization, doctors attempt to start with many ova, fertilize each with sperm and implant all of them in the woman’s womb in the hope that one will result in pregnancy. (Robertson) But some women can only supply a single egg. Through the use of embryo cloning, that egg might be divisible into, say 8 zygotes for implanting. The chance of those women becoming pregnant would be much greater. (Kassirer) Secondly, it would benefit a couple at high risk of having offspring with a genetic disease choose weather to risk the birth of an affected child. (Robertson) Parents who are known to be at risk of passing a genetic defect to a child could make use of cloning. A fertilized ovum could be cloned, and the duplicate tested for the disease or disorder. If the clone were free of genetic defects, then the other clone would be as well. Then this could be implanted in the woman and allowed to mature to term. (Heyd) Thirdly, it would be used to obtain tissue or organs for transplantation. (Robertson) Cloning could produce a reservoir of “spare parts”. Fertilized ova could be cloned into multiple zygotes; one could be implanted in the woman and allowed to develop into a normal baby; the other zygotes could be frozen for future use. In the event that the child required a bone marrow transplant, one of the zygotes could be taken out of storage, implanted, allowed to mature to a baby and then contribute some of its spare bone marrow to its (earlier) identical twin. Bone marrow can be harvested from a person without injuring them. (Kearney) All three of these points are well documented in medical literature today and will help people greatly. He then brings up the National Bioethics Advisory Commissions concern about physical safety and eugenics.

He also brings up the reasons why cloning humans can be harmful. Some people have expressed concern about the effects that cloning would have on relationships. For example, a child born from an adult DNA cloning from his father would be, in effect, a delayed twin of one of his parents. That has never happened before and may lead to emotional difficulties. Also that this child would lack individuality and the freedom to create his or her own expectations. He than goes on to disprove this by bringing up the fact that monozygotic twins are essentially clones of each other and have different personalities entirely. Also that these twins have a unique closeness that others don t. Differences in mitochondria, the uterus, and a childhood environment will minimize the risk of overidentification with the first twin. (Robertson)

The second fear that he expresses is that parents who choose their child s genome through somatic-cell cloning will view the child as a commodity or an object to serve their own ends. (Robertson) He goes on to disprove this issue by saying what really counts is how a child is treated after birth, not on how the were actually conceived.

I believe that most of Robertson s article was well documented and had relevant supporting data. I don t see any propaganda being used by him in order to influence the reader. I see that he put both positive and negative aspects of cloning into his article and explained both parts equally if not more on the negative side. I can see where someone with strong feelings on this issue can be bias on the readings due to the fact that their mind is already made up, but I think that he make a much more convincing argument than does Annas. I believe that the use of explaining why he was for it and giving concrete examples as to why it shouldn t be banned were the best ways to make his article effective.

George J. Annas article Why we should ban Human cloning brings up many different issues on why Human cloning should banned. After reading his article it doesn t really give any concrete reason other than cloning devalues people by depriving them of their uniqueness. Even with this issue he kind of beats around the bush and doesn t explain it well. He brings up fictional books and compares the creation of dolly the sheep to that of Frankenstein. He than goes into saying that this would lead to parents cloning a recently dead child as a means of bereavement. He doesn t really document his opinions well, he brings up issues and compares them to others that have either opposed him or that he agrees with. His work, I think is biased due to the fact that he is a medical ethicist and that in his own words says that physicians, scientists, and those with strong medical opinions should not make up a national committee on this subject. He in turn uses strong opinion to try to convince the reader that cloning is immoral and that it should be banned. He doesn t supply us with the positive effects that cloning embryos can give us but only focuses on the negative aspects while Robertson should both views and disputed the negative ones. I think that he is looking at the extreme cases in which human cloning would be abused and doesn t really consider the possible benefits. Maybe he never knew anyone with cancer, a genetic disorder, or an autoimmune disease. I also think that he played into the cultural implications too much. I don t think that his opinion was upheld very well and that it would tend to get the undecided onto his side. I think that Robertson did a must better job in his article and made it more effective.

A clone would not be a “real human “: But a clone would have exactly the same status that an identical twin already does. Both are derived from a single fertilized ovum.Cloning is “playing God”: They have visions of Dr. Frankenstein creating life from inanimate matter. But “cloning creates life from life” and is just an extension of routine in vitro fertilization procedures. Cloning is not “natural”: People have very different views of what is “natural”. Embryo cloning still depends on a human egg from a woman and sperm from a man. Human embryo cloning just tweaks apart a zygote at the two-cell stage, changing a single two-cell form of life into two one-cell forms of life. One can argue that God did not intend cloning to be done. But the same argument was used, largely in the past, to oppose such techniques as in vitro fertilization. It all depends upon what one is used to, and what one considers being “natural.”

(http://www.religioustolerance.org/cloning.htm)

In conclusion I believe strongly in the issue at hand. I believe that human cloning should be allowed but should be strictly regulated. I don t think that parents should be allowed to go to a geneticist and order a baby. I think that a lot of good can come out of this type of research and hope that it continues. As a person who knows what it is like to watch my grandfather die of cancer and to see my father go through a bone-marrow transplant and a stem-cell transplant due to the fact that he has a myelodysplastic disorder and to know that a cure can come out of this research only makes me favor it more. I think that no matter how you regulate it you will always have a person like Richard Seed who will cause a problem. I think that the benefits greatly outweigh the consequences and that due to this it should be allowed to continue. The position that I support is the one to allow human cloning to continue but to have a regulation against cloning human embryo s for those who want to genetically alter their children for no apparent cause or to replace a dead child or person. I think that Robertson s article shows us that a lot of good can come out of this type of research and that only those that really need it will attempt it not anyone looking to clone a human. I think that Annas really didn t convince anyone by just stating his facts, he never really said why he believes it should be banned but gave other peoples opinions and backed those up. He didn t argue his opponent s side very well and brought irrelevant material into his argument. I think that Robertson s article will help those who are middle of the road accept it better and hope that those who strongly oppose it see his viewpoint. Hopefully a lot of good will come out of research like this and it will benefit millions of people from giving them new life to giving them extended life.

Works Cited

1) Robertson, John A. Human Cloning and the Challenge of Regulation, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, no. 2 (July 9, 1998), pp. 119-122.

2) Annas, George J. Why We Should Ban Human Cloning, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, no. 2 (July 9, 1998), pp. 118-125.

3) Kearney W, Caplan AL. Parity for the donation of bone marrow: ethical and policy considerations. Emerging issues in biomedical policy: an annul review, vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992; 262-85

4) Kassirer JP, Should human cloning be off limits? The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 338, no. 2 (June 1998), pp. 905-906

5) Heyd D. Genethics: moral issues in the creation of people. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

6) http://www.religioustolerance.org/cloning.htm

7) http://bioethics.gov/pubs/cloning1/executive.htm

8) http://www.humancloning.org/