Jews Essay, Research Paper

Nazism and World War II-

The National Socialist German Workers Party almost died one

morning in 1919. It numbered only a few dozen grumblers it had no

organization and no political ideas. But many among the middle class

admired the Nazis muscular opposition to the Social Democrats. And

the Nazis themes of patriotism and militarism drew highly emotional

responses from people who could not forget Germany s prewar imperial

grandeur.

In the national elections of September 1930, the Nazis garnered

nearly 6.5 million votes and became second only to the Social

Democrats as the most popular party in Germany. In Northeim, where in

1928 Nazi candidates had received 123 votes, they now polled 1,742, a

respectable 28 percent of the total. The nationwide success drew even

faster… in just three years, party membership would rise from about

100,000 to almost a million, and the number of local branches would

increase tenfold. The new members included working-class people,

farmers, and middle-class professionals. They were both better

educated and younger then the Old Fighters, who had been the backbone

of the party during its first decade. The Nazis now presented

themselves as the party of the young, the strong, and the pure, in

opposition to an establishment populated by the elderly, the weak, and

the dissolute. Hitler was born in a small town in Austria in 1889. As

a young boy, he showed little ambition. After dropping out of high

school, he moved to Vienna to study art, but he was denied the chance

to join Vienna academy of fine arts.

When WWI broke out, Hitler joined Kaiser Wilhelmer s army as a

Corporal. He was not a person of great importance. He was a creature

of a Germany created by WWI, and his behavior was shaped by that war

and its consequences. He had emerged from Austria with many

prejudices, including a powerful prejudice against Jews. Again, he was

a product of his times… for many Austrians and Germans were

prejudiced against the Jews.

In Hitler’s case the prejudice had become maniacal it was a

dominant force in his private and political personalities.

Anti-Semitism was not a policy for Adolf Hitler–it was religion. And

in the Germany of the 1920s, stunned by defeat, and the ravages of the

Versailles treaty, it was not hard for a leader to convince millions

that one element of the nation s society was responsible for most of

the evils heaped upon it. The fact is that Hitler s anti-Semitism was

self-inflicted obstacle to his political success. The Jews, like other

Germans, were shocked by the discovery that the war had not been

fought to a standstill, as they were led to believe in November 1918,

but that Germany had , in fact, been defeated and was to be treated as

a vanquished country. Had Hitler not embarked on his policy of

disestablishing the Jews as Germans, and later of exterminating them

in Europe, he could have counted on their loyalty. There is no reason

to believe anything else. On the evening of November 8, 1923, Wyuke

Vavaruab State Cinnussuiber Gustav Rutter von Kahr was making a

political speech in Munich s sprawling B rgerbr ukeller, some 600

Nazis and right-wing sympathizers surrounded the beer hall. Hitler

burst into the building and leaped onto a table, brandishing a

revolver and firing a shot into the ceiling. The National

Revolution, he cried, has begun! At that point, informed that

fighting had broken out in another part of the city, Hitler rushed to

that scene. His prisoners were allowed to leave, and they talked about

organizing defenses against the Nazi coup. Hitler was of course

furious. And he was far from finished. At about 11 o clock on the

morning of November 9–the anniversary of the founding of the German

Republic in 1919–3,000 Hitler partisans again gathered outside the

B rgerbr ukeller.

To this day, no one knows who fired the first shot. But a shot

rang out, and it was followed by fusillades from both sides. Hermann

G ring fell wounded in the thigh and both legs. Hitler flattened

himself against the pavement; he was unhurt. General Ludenorff

continued to march stolidly toward the police line, which parted to

let him pass through (he was later arrested, tried and acquitted).

Behind him, 16 Nazis and three policemen lay sprawled dead among the

many wounded. The next year, R hm and his band joined forces with the

fledgling National Socialist Party in Adolf Hitler s Munich Beer Hall

Putsch.

Himmler took part in that uprising, but he played such a minor

role that he escaped arrest. The R hm-Hitler alliance survived the

Putsch, and +hm s 1,500-man band grew into the Sturmabteilung, the SA,

Hitler s brown-shirted private army, that bullied the Communists and

Democrats. Hitler recruited a handful of men to act as his bodyguards

and protect him from Communist toughs, other rivals, and even the S.A.

if it got out of hand. This tiny group was the embryonic SS.

In 1933, after the Nazi Party had taken power in Germany,

increasing trouble with the SA made a showdown inevitable. As German

Chancellor, the F hrer could no longer afford to tolerate the

disruptive Brownshirts; under the ambitious R hm, the SA had grown to

be an organization of three million men, and its unpredictable

activities prevented Hitler from consolidating his shaky control of

the Reich. He had to dispose of the SA to hold the support of his

industrial backers, to satisfy party leaders jealous of the SA s

power, and most important, to win the allegiance of the conservative

Army generals. Under pressure from all sides, and enraged by an SA

plot against him that Heydrich had conveniently uncovered, Hitler

turned the SS loose to purge its parent organization.

They were too uncontrollable even for Hitler. They went about

their business of terrorizing Jews with no mercy. But that is not what

bothered Hitler, since the SA was so big, (3 million in 1933) and so

out of control, Hitler sent his trusty comrade Josef Dietrich,

commander of a SS bodyguard regiment to murder the leaders of the SA.

The killings went on for two days and nights and took a tool of

perhaps 200 enemies o the state. It was quite enough to reduce the

SA to impotence, and it brought the F hrer immediate returns. The

dying President of the Reich, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg,

congratulated Hitler on crushing the troublesome SA, and the Army

generals concluding that Hitler was now their pawn–swore personal

loyalty to him. In April 1933, scarcely three months after Adolf

Hitler took power in Germany, the Nazis issued a degree, ordering the

compulsory retirement of non-Aryans from the civil service. This

edict, petty in itself, was the first spark in what was to become the

Holocaust, one of the most ghastly episodes in the modern history of

mankind. Before he campaign against the Jews was halted by the defeat

of Germany, something like 11 million people had been slaughtered in

the name of Nazi racial purity.

The Jews were not the only victims of the Holocaust. Millions of

Russians, Poles, gypsies and other subhumans were also murdered. But

Jews were the favored targets–first and foremost. It took the Nazis

some time to work up to the full fury of their endeavor. In the years

following 1933, the Jews were systematically deprived by law of their

civil rights, of their jobs and property. Violence and brutality

became a part of their everyday lives. Their places of worship were

defiled, their windows smashed, their stores ransacked. Old men and

young were pummeled and clubbed and stomped to death by Nazi jack

boots. Jewish women were accosted and ravaged, in broad daylight, on

main thoroughfares.

Some Jews fled Germany. But most, with a kind of stubborn belief

in God and Fatherland, sought to weather the Nazi terror. It was

forlorn hope. In 1939, after Hitler s conquest of Poland, the Nazis

cast aside all restraint. Jews in their millions were now herded into

concentration camps, there to starve and perish as slave laborers.

Other millions were driven into dismal ghettos, which served as

holding pens until the Nazis got around to disposing of them.

The mass killings began in 1941, with the German invasion of the

Soviet Union. Nazi murder squads followed behind the Wehrmacht

enthusiastically slaying Jews and other conquered peoples. Month by

month the horrors escalated. First tens of thousands, then hundreds of

thousands of people were led off to remote fields and forest to be

slaughtered by SS guns. Assembly-line death camps were established in

Poland and train loads of Jews were collected from all over occupied

Europe and sent to their doom.

At some of the camps, the Nazis took pains to disguise their

intentions until the last moment. At others, the arriving Jews saw

scenes beyond comprehension. Corpses were strewn all over the road,

recalled one survivor. Starving human skeletons stumbled toward us.

They fell right down in front of our eyes and lay there gasping out

their last breath. What had begun as a mean little edict against

Jewish civil servants was now ending the death six million Jews,

Poles, gypsies, Russians, and other sub-humans Uncounted thousands

of Jews and other hapless concentration-camp inmates were used as

guinea pigs in a wide range of medical and scientific experiments,

most of them of little value. Victims were infected with typhus to see

how different geographical groups reacted; to no one s surprise, all

groups perished swiftly. Fluids from diseased animals were injected

into humans to observe the effect. Prisoners were forced to exist on

sea water to see how long castaways might survive. Gynecology was an

area of interest. Various methods of sterilization were practiced–by

massive X-ray, by irritants and drugs, by surgery without benefit of

anesthetic. As techniques were perfected, it was determined that a

doctor with 10 assistants could sterilize 1,000 women per day.

The experimental people were also used by Nazi doctors who

needed practice performing various operations. One doctor at Auschwitz

perfected his amputation technique on live prisoners. After he had

finished, his maimed patients were sent off to the gas chamber. A few

Jews who had studied medicine were allowed to live if they assisted

the SS doctors. I cut the flesh of healthy young girls, recalled a

Jewish physician who survived at terrible cost. I immersed the bodies

of dwarfs and cripples in calcium chloride (to preserve them), or had

them boiled so the carefully prepared skeletons might safely reach the

Third Reich s museums to justify, for future generations, the

destruction of an entire race. I could never erase these memories from

my mind.

But the best killing machine were the shower baths of death.

After their arrival at a death camp, the Jews who had been chosen to

die at once were told that they were to have a shower. Filthy by their

long, miserable journey, they sometimes applauded the announcement.

Countless Jews and other victims went peacefully to the shower

rooms–which were gas chambers in disguise.

In the anterooms to the gas chambers, many of the doomed people

found nothing amiss. At Auschwitz, signs in several languages said,

Bath and Disinfectant, and inside the chambers other signs

admonished, Don t forget your soap and towel. Unsuspecting victims

cooperated willingly. They got out of their clothes so routinely,

Said a Sobibor survivor. What could be more natural?

In time, rumors about the death camps spread, and underground

newspapers in the Warsaw ghetto even ran reports that told of the gas

chambers and the crematoriums. But many people did not believe the

storied, and those who did were helpless in any case. Facing the guns

of the SS guards, they could only hope and pray to survive. As one

Jewish leader put it, We must be patient and a miracle will occur.

There were no miracles. The victims, naked and bewildered, were shoved

into a line. Their guards ordered them forward, and flogged those who

hung back. The doors to the gas chambers were locked behind them. It

was all over quickly.

The war came home to Germany. Scarcely had Hitler recovered from

the shock of the July 20 bombing when he was faced with the loss of

France and Belgium and of great conquests in the East. Enemy troops in

overwhelming numbers were converging on the Reich. By the middle of

August 1944, the Russian summer offensives, beginning June 10 and

unrolling one after another, had brought the Red Army to the

border of East Prussia, bottled up fifty German divisions in the

Baltic region, penetrated to Vyborg in Finland, destroyed Army Group

Center and brought an advance on this front of four hundred miles in

six weeks to the Vistula opposite Warsaw, while in the south a new

attack which began on August 20 resulted in the conquest of Rumania by

the end of the month and with it the Ploesti oil fields, the only

major source of natural oil for the German armies. On August 26

Bulgaria formally withdrew from the war and the Germans began to

hastily clear out of that country. In September Finland gave up and

turned on the German troops which refused to evacuate its territory.

In the West, France was liberated quickly. In General Patton, the

commander of the newly formed U.S. Third Army, the Americans had found

a tank general with the dash and flair of Rommel in Africa. After the

capture of Avranches on July 30, he had left Brittany to wither on the

vine and begun a great sweep around the German armies in Normandy,

moving southeast to Orleans on the Loire and then due east toward the

Seine south of Paris. By August 23 the Seine was reached southeast and

northwest of the capital, and two days later the great city, the glory

of France, was liberated after four years of German occupation when

General Jacques Leclerc s French 2nd Armored Division and the U.S. 4th

Infantry Division broke into it and found that French resistance units

were largely in control.