Non-Verbal Communication Essay, Research Paper

Non Verbal Communication

By: Erin Daniels

E-mail: [email protected]

How Does Nonverbal Behaviors Effect A Person ? People communicate everyday of their lives, but we rarely notice the nonverbal part of communication and how important it is to the meaning of the message. Facial expressions, posture, body movements, tone of voice and touching are all part of nonverbal communication. Often when people communicate they contradict the verbal and nonverbal messages, therefore the receiver of the message receives a message with a double meaning and interprets the message less accurately. Nonverbal messages affect a person in a positive and negative way. Understanding the way nonverbal behaviors affect a person can help in improving communication skills. In my research paper I will investigate how nonverbal behaviors effect a person in a learning environment, and in interpersonal relationships. And I will ask how a person can improve his or her nonverbal behavior. Section 1: Effects on Cognitive Learning and Interpersonal Relationships The use of a teacher’s nonverbal behavior strongly effects the student’s cognitive learning and the quality of the teaching environment. Studies have shown that teachers with high nonverbal immediacy have high levels of cognitive learning (McCroskey Et Al 209). The students have reported the teachers with high levels of nonverbal immediacy have a more interesting class environment and the students enjoy attending class (McCroskey Et Al 209). Nonverbal behaviors that have the most effect on students are varied tone of voice, eye contact, and smiling (McCroskey Et Al 210). Smiling, eye contact, and vocal variety boost a positive affect toward the teacher, and material being Daniels 2 studied (Guerrero and Miller 33). Involvement and conversational skills: immediacy, expressiveness, smooth interaction management, and composure are some elements correlated with nonverbal behaviors in teachers (Guerrero and Miller 32). Immediacy cues such as gaze and smiling simulate psychological and/or physical closeness and communicate interpersonal warmth (Guerrero and Miller 32). Expressiveness involves vocal, facial, gestural animation, laughing, and posture movements (Guerrero and Miller 32). Smooth interaction management incorporates conversational setting, turn-taking, punctuation patterns that satisfy the people involved (Guerrero and Miller 32). Composure is the lack of tension, anxiety, and negative emotions in the class room (Guerrero and Miller 32). These studies have all shown that teachers with good nonverbal skills and involvement will increase the students education and the level of interest in the course of study. Nonverbal interactions between couples in their relationships have a strong effect on the quality and perhaps the length of the relationship in the future. Most nonverbal behaviors are intentional or accidental, most commonly nonverbal behaviors are accidental. Nonverbal behaviors are very important to communication because they can change the meaning of the message. Facial expressions can portray “a wealth of information about our inner feelings” (Coats and Feldman). Development and maintenance of relationships, nonverbal behaviors are very important (Coats and Feldman 1). In developing relationships being sensitive and supportive can increase the quality of the relationship. Many things can be communicated through touching. Stroking, caressing, or cuddling a person conveys love, involvement, concern, responsibility, tenderness, and awareness of the needs and/or vulnerabilities of the other person (Carr 106). Touching a person shows them that you care about them and have concern for their problems. A simple touch can help the release of certain suppressed feeling that the other Daniels 3 person may have problems communicating. Showing a person you care helps them release personal thoughts because maybe they fear to be criticized. Each of us needs to touch and to be touched. Eye contact is also important aspect of communication in relationships with people. Eye contact is also an intimate form of nonverbal communication. Your eyes don’t only receive messages, they also send messages as well (Carr 109). Communicating with your eyes is also a way to convey your feelings without saying a verbal word. Eyes express many things such as dominance, involvement, and attitude towards others (Carr 109). Many people are not aware of how they use their eyes. Where you position your eyes can lead to mixed messages formed by the receiver. For example, disinterested people don’t make constant eye contact, but the person may actually be interested in what the person is saying although because of his/her indirect eye contact the sender receives a message of disinterest (Carr 109). There is no rule of when and how to use your eyes, you just have to be aware of how and when you use them. Mixed messages can be sent verbally and nonverbally. Often we become detached with our feelings and emotions, therefore we can say one word and another with our body (Carr 122). We are usually not conscious when we send these mixed messages. For example, “a wife may want to be kissed; yet when her husband approaches her she stiffens. If he interprets the stiffening as rejection, he may in turn reject his wife. Or he may force the issue and kiss her anyway. If he is sensitive to her, he may remember that when other people are around she feels uncomfortable about a display of affection. Yet she want others to know her husband loves her. He translates the mixed message: ‘My wife wants to be kissed, but feels uncomfortable when I kiss her in front of others’” (Carr 122). Sometimes clarification is required in situations when mixed messages occur. Daniels 4 At times we unaware that silence communicates. Silence in communication can be positive or negative. Silence can bring people closer or separate people. Intimacy can be communicated by silence and closeness (Carr 124). People in close relationships often do not need to use words to communicate. In communicating silence can hurt or heal a relationship. Not lashing out in anger can often save a relationship. When angry we may exaggerate the situation and it can sometimes hurt the person we love. Or when hurting someone, silence can at times help the healing process (Carr 124). The “silence treatment” is used to manipulate and punish someone. It can be interpreted as hostility, anger, coldness, rebellion, or hate (Manusov and Floyd 6). Using the “silence treatment” the issue may never be resolved because the issue may be forgotten or deleted from the memory. People use silence in many different way, it can help or cause problems in a relationship. In being able to communicate emotions it can decrease the probability of conflicts occurring. A person’s body movement also contributes to their nonverbal communication. The body movement of a person can often portray someone’s personality. A persons posture can also indicate his or her self-esteem. Carr explains this phenomenon by the study of “somatopsychic effects” (101). According to Carr, “somatopsychic effects” form from a persons subconscious mind. Basically a person’s posture and body position reflect their emotions and personality. For example, a person who walks with their back hunched conveys the image of a person with low self-esteem and perhaps lazy. All people that walk hunched don’t all have a low self-esteem, but according to Carr it portrays a persons true feelings about themselves. Body movement and posture are important nonverbal behaviors because they can illustrate many aspects of person and their feelings. Daniels 5 Section 2: How to Improve Nonverbal Behaviors Now that we know the effects of different types of nonverbal behavior on learning and relationships, it is necessary to understand how a person can change or improve his or her nonverbal behavior. The first step is to become aware of your current gestures and body movements. It is difficult to realize exactly how others see you but the best way to find out is by asking a person you are around frequently (Wiemann and Harrison 249). A person can ask how the other person perceives his or her actions. Another way to possibly change your nonverbal behavior is through the “Alexander Method” (Carr 112). This method is used to help people learn good use of the body by feedback from other people. It involves two people, where ones sits in a chair as he or she normally would and then the other person moves his or her partner into a proper position of the head and shoulders. The person in the chair then stands up and the partner tells him or her details about his or her body positioning. This feedback helps the person who sat in the chair realize his or her unconscious nonverbal behaviors (Carr 112). By using the Alexander Method a person can identify the nonverbal behaviors her or she possesses and usually will discover which behaviors he or she might want to change. One of the ways a person can change his or her nonverbal behavior is by “Functional Integration” (Carr 113). This is a way for a person to alter his or her usual body movements by basically re-training the body’s nervous system. The main mechanism to achieve this is by focusing on breathing. A person does this to sit quietly and “scan your body, beginning with your feet and moving up to your head” (Carr 113). While the person is observing his or her body, he or she tries to notice the way he or she is breathing without consciously controlling it. Then the person blows out short puffs of air and stops when the lungs are empty. After this, the person will simply “allow inhalation to happen on its own” (Carr 113). This procedure is done over about seven times. If done Daniels 6 successfully a person will have a new understanding and control over his or her body. The implications are that a person can therefore learn to alter and improve his or her unconscious nonverbal behaviors. In conclusion, I have learned that certain nonverbal behaviors by teachers increase cognitive learning and can occasionally alter the meanings of messages in relationships. I have also learned techniques to improve nonverbal behaviors. Every aspect of nonverbal communication plays a large role in displaying the correct meaning of a message. Not a word can be spoken, and facial expressions, touching, eye contact, body movement, and posture can all have meanings within themselves. Many people are not conscious of their nonverbal behaviors and what messages they are conveying. Perhaps the two ways to improve a persons nonverbal behaviors are useful in improving someone’s communication skills . In improving a persons nonverbal communication skills he or she can apply them to his or her interpersonal relationships and better the quality of it as well.