Article Of Confederation Essay, Research Paper

The Continental Congress in Philadelphia Pennsylvania first drafted the Articles of Confederation in 1777. The Articles were then ratified in 1781. As adopted, the articles provided only for a “firm league of friendship” in which each of the 13 states expressly held “its sovereignty, freedom, and independence.” The People of each state were given equal privileges and rights, freedom of movement was guaranteed, and procedures for the trials of accused criminals were outlined. The articles established a national legislature called the Congress, consisting of two to seven delegates from each state; each state had one vote, according to its size or population. No executive or judicial branches were provided for. Congress was charged with responsibility for conducting foreign relations, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy, settling boundary disputes, establishing and maintaining a postal service, and various lesser functions. Some of these responsibilities were shared with the states, and in one way or another Congress was dependent upon the cooperation of the states for carrying out any of them.

Four visible weaknesses of the articles, apart from those of organization, made it impossible for Congress to execute its constitutional duties. The first weakness was that Congress could legislate only for states, not for individuals; because of this it could not enforce legislation. Second, Congress had no power to tax. Instead, it was to assess its expenses and divide those among the states on the basis of the value of land. States were then to tax their own citizens to raise the money for these expenses and turn the proceeds over to Congress. They could not be forced to do so, and in practice they rarely met their obligations. Third, Congress lacked the power to control commerce–without its power to conduct foreign relations was not necessary, since most treaties except those of peace were concerned mainly with trade. The fourth weakness ensured the demise of the Confederation by making it too difficult to correct the first three. Amendments could have corrected any of the weaknesses, but amendments required approval by all 13-state legislatures. None of the several amendments that were proposed met that requirement. From September 11, 1786 to September 14, 1786.

The Constitutional Convention, which wrote the Constitution of the United States, was held in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. The convention assigned jobs, following proposals made at the Annapolis Convention the previous September, was to create amendments to the Articles of Confederation. The delegates, however, immediately started writing a new constitution. Fifty-five delegates representing 12 states attended at least part of the sessions. Thirty-four of them were lawyers; most of the others were planters or merchants. Noticeable absents were the revolutionary leaders of the effort for independence in 1775-76, such as John Adams, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson. On September 17 the Constitution was signed by 39 of the 42 delegates present. The last of the 13 states to ratify the Constitution was Rhode Island on May 29, 1790.