Тромбо́н (итал. trombone, букв. «большая труба», англ. и фр. trombone, нем. Posaune) — медный духовой музыкальный инструмент басово-тенорового регистра.

Тромбон известен с XV века. От других медных духовых инструментов отличается наличием кулисы — особой передвижной U-образной трубки, с помощью которой музыкант изменяет объём заключённого в инструменте воздуха, таким образом, достигая возможности исполнять звуки хроматического звукоряда (на трубе, валторне и тубе этой цели служат вентили). Тромбон — нетранспонирующий инструмент, поэтому его ноты всегда записываются в соответствии с действительным звучанием. На некоторых тромбонах имеются добавочные кроны, позволяющие понижать звуки на кварту и на квинту, которые подключаются с помощью квартвентиля и квинтвентиля.

Инструмент существует в нескольких разновидностях, образующих семейство. В наше время в основном используется основной представитель семейства — теноровый тромбон. Как правило, под словом «тромбон» подразумевается именно эта разновидность, поэтому часто слово «теноровый» опускают. Альтовый и басовый тромбоны применяются реже, сопрановый и контрабасовый — почти не используются.

Диапазон тромбона — от G₁ (соль контроктавы) до f² (фа второй октавы) с пропуском звуков между B₁ и E (си-бемоль контроктавы — ми большой октавы). Этот промежуток (кроме ноты H₁, то есть си контроктавы) заполняется при наличии квартвентиля.

Тромбон — разнообразный по штрихам и технически подвижный инструмент, обладает ярким, блестящим тембром в среднем и верхнем регистрах, сумрачным — в нижнем. На тромбоне возможно использование сурдины, особый эффект — глиссандо — достигается скольжением кулисы. В симфоническом оркестре обычно используются три тромбона (два теноровых и один басовый).

Основная сфера применения тромбона — симфонический оркестр, но он также используется в качестве солирующего инструмента, а также в духовом оркестре, джазе и других музыкальных жанрах.

Появление тромбона относится к XV веку. Принято считать, что непосредственными предшественниками этого инструмента были кулисные трубы, при игре на которых у музыканта была возможность передвигать трубку инструмента, таким образом получая хроматический звукоряд.

За время своего существования тромбон практически не претерпел радикальных изменений в своей конструкции.

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Сакбут (гравюра)

Первые инструменты, по сути представлявшие собой тромбоны, назывались сакбутами (от фр. saquer — тянуть к себе, bouter — толкать от себя). Они были меньше современных инструментов по размеру и имели несколько разновидностей по регистрам: сопрано, альт, тенор и бас. Сакбуты благодаря хроматическому звукоряду сразу стали постоянными членами оркестров. Небольшие усовершенствования сакбутов привели к появлению в XVII веке практически современных инструментов, к которым в это время уже стало применяться итальянское слово trombone.

К середине XVIII века основной сферой использования тромбонов была церковная музыка: чаще всего этим инструментам поручалось дублирование нижних голосов. Постоянным членом оркестра тромбон становится только на рубеже XVIII―XIX веков. Как правило, в состав оркестра входили три тромбона: альтовый, теноровый и басовый. Сумрачный тембр тромбона ассоциировался со сверхъестественными силами, потусторонним миром, и использовался в характерных сценах оперных спектаклей. Глюк поручил трио тромбонов сопровождение погребального хора в «Альцесте», а также драматический эпизод в «Ифигении в Тавриде». Моцарт использовал тромбоны почти исключительно в операх и в церковной музыке, в частности, в Реквиеме, где этому инструменту поручено соло. У Бетховена тромбоны впервые появляются в финале Пятой симфонии используются в дальнейшем в Шестой и Девятой, в оратории «Христос на Масличной горе» и других сочинениях. Композитору принадлежат также три пьесы (нем. Drei Equale) для квартета тромбонов^[1].

Широкому распространению тромбона способствовали многочисленные бродячие ансамбли и оркестры духовых инструментов, выступавшие по всей Европе и Северной Америке.

В эпоху романтизма композиторы обратили внимание на выразительные возможности тромбона. Берлиоз писал, что этот инструмент обладает благородным и величественным звучанием, и поручил ему большое соло во второй части Траурно-триумфальной симфонии. В первой половине XIX века активно развивается сольное исполнительство на тромбоне: среди тромбонистов-солистов этого времени ― немцы Фридрих Бельке, Карл Квайсер и Мориц Набих, француз Антуан Дьеппо, итальянец Фелиппе Чиоффи. Репертуар тромбона пополняется сочинениями Ферд. Давида, Ф. А. Куммера, Ю. Новаковского и других композиторов^[2].

В 1839 году лейпцигский музыкальный мастер Кристан Затлер изобрёл квартвентиль, позволивший понижать звуки тромбона на кварту, что позволило извлекать звуки из так называемой «мёртвой зоны» (отрезок звукоряда, недоступный из-за конструктивных особенностей тромбона). Предпринимались попытки приспособить к тромбону систему вентилей наподобие механизма трубы и валторны, однако это нововведение не получило распространения из-за того, что такие инструменты, хотя и выигрывали в технической подвижности, значительно теряли в звучании.

Во второй половине XIX века формируются мощные, по сравнению с прошлым, мануфактуры по производству инструментов — Bach, Holton, Conn, King — в США, Heckel, Zimmerman, Besson, Courtois — в Европе. Выходят из практики некоторые разновидности тромбона, например, альтовый и контрабасовый.

В XX веке, благодаря развитию исполнительской школы и совершенствованию технологий производства инструментов, тромбон стал весьма популярным инструментом. Композиторы создают для него многочисленную концертную литературу, значительное место тромбон занимает в джазе и родственных ему жанрах. С конца 1980-х годов происходит возрождение интереса к старинным тромбонам (сакбутам) и вышедшим из употребления разновидностям тромбона.

Строение тромбона

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Составные части тромбона

1. крона общего строя (англ. tuning slide)

2. мундштук (англ. mouthpiece)

3. раструб (англ. bell)

4. клапан слива жидкости (англ. water key)

5. кулиса (англ. main slide)

6. вторая стойка кулисы (англ. second slide brace)

7. первая стойка кулисы (англ. first slide brace)

8. уплотнительное кольцо кулисы (англ. slide lock ring)