Реферат Билеты для сдачи кандидатского минимума по английскому языку аспирантам специальностей правовед,

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аспирантура (
канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине

английский язык

(специальность: уголовное право и криминология;
уголовно-исполнительное право)

билет №1

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

SOMALIA

The downfall in January 1991 of President Siad Barre, the leader of Somalia for 21 years, resulted in a power struggle and clan clashes in many parts of the country. In November, intense fighting broke out in the capital, Mogadishu, between the faction supporting Interim President Ali Mahdi Mohamed and the faction supporting General Mohamed Farah Aidid, Chairman of the United Somali Congress.

Fighting spread to other regions of the country, with heavily armed elements controlling various parts of Somalia. Wide-spread death and destruction forced hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes. Almost 5 million people - over half the population - were threatened by hunger and disease. Nearly one million people sought refuge outside the country.

Despite the turmoil, the United Nations continued its humanitarian effort, and by March 1991 was fully engaged in the country, in cooperation with several non-governmental organizations. The Secretary-General also became increasingly involved with the political aspects of the conflict, in cooperation with the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the League of Arab States (LAS) and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).

In December, the Secretary-General dispatched an envoy to Somalia in an effort to restore peace. During that visit, all faction leaders expressed support for a United Nations role in bringing about national reconciliation.

On 23 January 1992, the Security Council imposed an arms embargo on Somalia and urged all parties to cease hostilities.

On 31 January, the Secretary-General invited Interim President Ali Mahdi and General Aidid, as well as the LAS, the OAU and the OIC, to send representatives to attend talks in February at United Nations Headquarters. The talks succeeded in getting the two factions to agree on a cease-fire, and to a visit by a delegation composed of the United Nations and the three regional organizations.

After intensive negotiations conducted by the delegation, the two parties signed in March an agreement on the implementation of the cease-fire. Further talks led to agreements on a cease-fire to be monitored by United Nations observers, and on the protection of humanitarian convoys by United Nations security personnel.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

To: Ms Rodoula Ath. ZICCI

Deputy Minister

of National Economy

28 January 2000

Dear Ms Zicci
Herewith I am glad to write in accordance with my forthcoming visit to Greece as a participant to ASIA FORUM 2000 which is to be held in Thesalloniki on 7-8 February.
I was a great pleasure to meet you during my visit to Athens in July.
Taking the chance of going to Greece I would greatly appreciate if you could find a few minutes in your business schedule and meet me and discuss the issues of mutual interest.
Thank you in advance for your kind cooperation and assistance. Looking forward to meeting you, I remain
Sincerely yours
Gennady Bogachev

Deputy Director

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №2

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

SOMALIA

On 24 April, the Security Council established the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM), to facilitate the cessation of hostilities and the maintenance of a cease-fire, and to promote a political settlement.

The Secretary-General appointed a Special Representative for Somalia, who left for the region on l May. In early July, 50 United Nations military observers arrived in Mogadishu, followed by some 500 United Nations security personnel. Meanwhile, humanitarian efforts were being carried out by six United Nations organizations and more than 30 relief organizations.

In August, the Secretary-General reported to the Security Councii that the United Nations and its partners were ready to provide much greater assistance, but were prevented from doing so by the lawlessness and lack of security prevailing throughout Somalia. He recommended deploying up to 3,000 security troops to protect the humanitarian efforts. This proposal was endorsed by the Council.

In October and November, the situation continued to deteriorate. As famine threatened some 1.5 million lives, Somalia remained without a central government, Mogadishu was divided by rival militias and the country by a dozen factions.

The delivery of humanitarian aid became more and more difficult. Relief ships were blocked from docking and even shelled. Ports and airports came under fire. Money and relief supplies were being extorted from donor agencies, and the lives of their personnel trying to distribute aid to starving people were being put in danger.

As a result, only a trickle of relief supplies was reaching the needy. According to some estimates, as many as 3,000 people a day were dying of starvation. Unless the security problems were solved, United Nations and relief agencies would be unable to provide the massive assistance needed. On 24 November, the Secretary-General reported to the Security Council on the deteriorating Situation in Somalia and on the factors preventing UNOSOM from carrying out its mandate.

On 3 December, the Security Council accepted an offer, made on 25 November by the United States, to take the lead in organizing and commanding an Operation to ensure the delivery of humanitarian relief. Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter, which deals with enforcement measures, the Council authorized the use of all necessary means to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

Sadovaya'Kudrinskaya str.

Russian Federation

Letter of Invitation

Dear Minister
Thank you for your interest to meet representatives of the Brandenburg State Government, especially Prime Minister Dr. Manfred Stoipe, during your stay in the Federal Republic of Germany from April 25"' to April 26"' 2000.
It is my pleasure to invite you to the state of Brandenburg. A copy of your request has been.mailed to the office of the Prime Minister for coordinating purposes.
Sincerely yours

Dr. Wolfgang Fürniß

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №3

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

CENTRAL AMERICA

The United Nations has supported from the start the efforts of Central American Governments to bring peace to the region. The combined action of the Security Council, the General Assembly and the Secretary-General has helped to resolve several protracted conflicts.

In 1987, the Presidents of five Central American countries - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua - signed the Esquipulas II agreement, by which they undertook to launch a region-wide process of democratization and national dialogue, bring about a cease-fire, and promote free and fair elections.

In February 1989, the five Presidents decided to set up a mechanism to verify the agreement with United Nations participation. They agreed to draw up a plan for the voluntary demobilization of the members of the Nicaraguan resistance (also known as "contras"). And Nicaragua announced it would call general elections under international and United Nations supervision.

In August 1989, at Nicaragua's request, the United Nations Observer Mission for the Verification of Elections in Nicaragua (ONUVEN) started operations in the country. It monitored the entire preparation and holding of the elections - the first United Nations-monitored elections in an independent country.

On election day, 25 February 1990, ONUVEN observers visited polling stations in 141 of the country's 143 municipalities and monitored vote counting. ONUVEN concluded that the elections had been conducted "in a highly commendable manner".

On the request of both the President and President-elect, a United Nations team facilitated a peaceful political transition and played a role in various negotiations that followed the elections. The success of ONUVEN helped create conditions for the voluntary demobilization of the Nicaraguan resistance.

That demobilization was overseen by another United Nations mission, the United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA), which had been established in November 1989 as a mechanism to verify the security aspects of Esquipulas II, following a request from the five Central American countries. ONUCA established a presence in all five countries to verify the end of assistance to irregular forces and insurrectionist movements, and the end of the use of one country's territory for attacks on other countries.

In March 1990, the Security Council enlarged ONUCA's mandate to include overseeing the voluntary demobilization of the Nicaraguan resistance. The operation was undertaken throughout Honduras and Nicaragua. By 29 June, some 22,000 resistance members had turned in their weapons to ONUCA.

The civilian aspects of the demobilization - repatriation, relocation or resettlement - were the responsibility of the International Commission for Support and Verification (CIAV), set up in September 1989 by the Secretaries-General of the United Nations and of the Organization of American States.

ONUCA remained in Central America, contributing to peace efforts in the region, until January 1992.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

To: Mr Kim-nee LEE

Minister of Trade

Ministry of Trade and Industry

5 July 2000

Dear Mr Lee
Herewith we are informing you that on 7-8 September, 2000 an International Conference "New Prospects of scientific and technological and production cooperation of Russia with foreign states" is to be held in Nizhny Novgorod.
To participate in the forthcoming Conference we are glad to invite a representative from your Ministry and two persons representing business circles.
The working languages of the Conference are Russian, German and English. For further information please contact Ms Golovina (tel.: 456 899 01)
Looking forward for your prompt reply, I remain
Sincerely yours,
Vladimir Yugin

Minister

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №4

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes
AFGHANISTAN

Following Soviet military intervention in late December 1979, 52 Member States requested on 3 January 1980 an urgent meeting of the Security Council on the situation in Afghanistan. Following a negative vote from the Soviet Union on a draft resolution deploring the intervention, the Security Council called an emergency special session of the General Assembly. The session in January deplored "the recent armed intervention in Afghanistan" and called for the withdrawal of the foreign troops.

The Secretary-General launched a process of talks involving Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Soviet Union, other neighbouring countries and Security Council members. The talks, conducted by the Secretary-General's Personal Representative, sought to reach a settlement based on four elements: non-interference, return of refugees, withdrawal of foreign troops and international guarantees.

Eight years of intensive negotiations based on those elements culminated in a comprehensive settlement in April 1988. A timetable was established for the withdrawal of the foreign troops.

On 14 April 1988 at a ceremony at the United Nations office at Geneva, the Secretary-General presided over the signing of the settlement, known as the Geneva Accords. The accords were signed by the Foreign Ministers of Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as by those of the Soviet Union and the United States as guarantor States.

In line with the Accords, the signatories requested that United Nations military personnel deployed in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan (UNGOMAP) monitored the withdrawal of Soviet troops, which was completed in February 1989. UNGOMAP continued to monitor aspects of the Geneva Accords until March 1990.

In May 1988, in view of the gravity of the humanitarian situation, the Secretary General called for establishing a United Nations common system to deal with the needs of the country. This led to the appointment of the Coordinator of the United Nations Humanitarian and Economic Assistance Programmes relating to Afghanistan (UNOCA). In June 1988, the Secretary-General issued an appeal for $1.1 billion in international assistance. At a pledging conference in New York in October, the Secretary-General and the Coordinator launched Operation Salam, an international effort for relief and rehabilitation in Afghanistan, for which UNOCA became responsible.

In 1989, UNOCA launched the first large-scale mine-clearance programme in the world, which to date has cleared more than 42 million square metres. More than 2.3 million people have received mine-awareness training.

With the continuing internal conflict in Afghanistan, the General Assembly in November 1988 asked the Secretary-General to encourage a comprehensive political settlement with a view to establishing a broad-based government.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

Sadovaya'Kudrinskaya str.

Russian Federation

Letter of Invitation

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №5

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes
AFGHANISTAN

In May 1989, the Secretary-General appointed a Personal Representative in Afghanistan and Pakistan, who has subsequently, through continuous contact with the various elements involved, sought to find a peaceful solution to the conflict.

In May 1991, the Secretary-General outlined principles for a political solution, which included the need to preserve the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and non-aligned and Islamic character of the country; the recognition of the right of Afghans to determine their own form of government and choose their economic, political and social system; and the need for an intra-Afghan dialogue leading to the establishment of a broad-based government.

On 16 April 1992, following a period of intensifying conflict, the Government of President Najibullah was replaced by a Majahidin Government, which subsequently proclaimed the establishment of an Islamic State. A few days later, the Secretary General travelled to the region and met with the leaders of Pakistan and Iran. He stated that peace and national unity were prerequisites for soliciting financial and humanitarian assistance from the international community, and reaffirmed that the United Nations was ready to assist the Afghan people in the reconstruction of their country.

On 24 April, an Agreement on forming an interim government was reached among most of the Afghan parties, in Peshawar, Pakistan. These events led to the return of more than 1.5 million refugees, increasing the need for humanitarian assistance. In June, the Secretary-General issued a $197 million appeal for emergency relief aid.

Serious fighting erupted in August, causing many casualties and large-scale damage to the capital city of Kabul, and forcing United Nations staff temporarily to evacuate the city. The Secretary-General appealed for restraint and the resumption of dialogue, and the Security Council issued a statement of concern.

In spite of a cease-fire, which permitted several United Nations fact-finding and technical assistance missions to visit Kabul, fighting and rocketing of Kabul erupted again in December 1992. The hostilities put severe strains on the relief effort. By the end of the year, about $ 87million had been received for humanitarian assistance required in 1992.

In January 1993, UNOCA became the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan (UNOCHA), reflecting a new emphasis on emergency programmes. Throughout the year, United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations continued to provide humanitarian assistance. A new appeal was launched, and by the end of the year close to $70 million had been pledged.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

Dear Mrs. Fonaryova:
The 37^th World Advertising Congress, "London 2000", will be held in London from 6 June through 9 June. This biennial Congress, is very the traditional gathering place of top professionals.
We believe that your participation in this event of world importance will be important.
Considering your great contribution to the development of the Russian advertising business, we are confident that your contacts with leaders of the advertising industry from around the world will have a positive effect on the further development of the advertising market in Russia.
Sincerely,

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №6

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

CYPRUS

Cyprus became independent in 1960, with a Constitution which was intended to balance the interests of the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities. In August 1960, Cyprus, Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom entered into a treaty which guaranteed the basic provisions of the Constitution and the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Cyprus.

Since the outbreak of fighting between the two communities in December 1963, the United Nations has sought to secure a peaceful settlement. The Security Council met on 27 December 1963 to consider a complaint by Cyprus charging intervention in its internal affairs and aggression by Turkey. Turkey maintained that Greek Cypriot leaders had tried for more than two years to nullify the rights of the Turkish Cypriot community and denied all charges of aggression.

In March 1964, the Security Council established the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), to prevent fighting, help maintain law and order, and promote a return to normal conditions.

The efforts of the Secretary General and his Special Representative in Cyprus led, beginning in 1968, to talks between the two communities, which were held intermittently until early in 1974.

A coup d'état in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 by Greek Cypriot and Greek elements favouring union with Greece was followed by military intervention by Turkey, whose troops established Turkish Cypriot control over the northern part of the island.

The Security Council called for a cease-fire and laid the basis for negotiations between Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, which were held until mid-August, when they broke down. A further Turkish military operation extended the area under Turkish Cypriot control in the north. A cease-fire came into effect on 16 August.

Four days later, the Secretary-General appointed the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Coordinator of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance for Cyprus. More than 200,000 people needed assistance as a result of the hostilities. The High Commissioner continues to aid displaced persons, and UNFICYP provides support to the humanitarian effort.

In November 1974, the General Assembly called on all States to respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and non-alignment of Cyprus. It urged the withdrawal of all foreign armed forces, a halt to foreign interference, and the return of refugees to their homes. The Assembly stated that constitutional issues were to be resolved by the two communities, and urged the continuation of contacts which were taking place between the two communities with the help of the Secretary-General.

These contacts broke off after the unilateral announcement by the Turkish Cypriot leadership in February 1975 that a part of the island would become the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus". In March, the Security Council expressed regret regarding this move, and stated that the decision did not prejudge the final political settlement.

Talks started in April under the auspices of the Secretary-General. Agreement was reached that the Turkish Cypriots in the south of the island would be allowed to proceed north with UNFICYP assistance, and that a number of Greek Cypriots would be transferred to the north to be reunited with their families. Greek Cypriots in the north would be free to go south or to remain.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

July 18,2000
Dear Mr. Petrov
I would like to inform you that I left my position as Minister of International Trade and Industry on July 4.
Mr. Hiranuma has been appointed as my successor. I hope that you will accord him the same goodwill and assistance you have granted me.
Please accept my best wishes. Respectfully yours,
Takashi Fukaya
Ministry of International Trade and Industry

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №7

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

the security council

In 1990, the Security Council reiterated that it foresaw a solution based on the existence of one State comprising two communities, and that the objective was a new Constitution regulating the relations between the two communities on a federal, bicommunal and bi-zonal basis. Both sides affirmed their commitment to the Council's views.

By March 1991, the Secretary-General was able to report to the Security Council that discussions held by his representatives with both sides in Cyprus and a senior official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey in exploring a set of ideas for an overall framework agreement had been useful. He noted that the clarifications that had emerged should make it possible to bring the two sides within range of agreement, particularly under three of the eight headings of an overall framework agreement, namely, Overall Objectives, Guiding Principles, and Security and Guarantees. The Secretary-General felt that an agreement should be within reach if it was possible to move forward on the issues of Territorial Adjustments and Displaced Persons.

The Secretary-General conferred separately with the leaders of the two communities in New York in January and March 1992. Reporting to the Security Council in April, the Secretary-General stated that the set of ideas would offer a fair basis on which an agreement could be concluded. A week later, the Council endorsed the set of ideas as an appropriate basis for reaching agreement.

In June, the Secretary-General began proximity talks in New York with the two leaders. After a three-week intermission, the talks resumed in July. Joint meetings between the two leaders continued in New York in October-November, focusing on the set of ideas.

At a joint meeting in March 1993, the two leaders agreed to resume negotiations in May, using the set of ideas to reach an overall framework agreement. In April-May, the Secretary-General's Deputy Special Representative undertook preparatory meetings in Cyprus. Both leaders indicated their willingness to pursue agreement on 14 proposed confidence-building measures. The most significant were the transfer of the vacant city of Varosha to United Nations administration and its becoming a special area for bicommunal contact and commerce; and the reopening of Nicosia International Airport, under United Nations administration, for unhindered traffic with both sides.

On the basis of these preparations, joint negotiations resumed in New York in May, chaired by the Secretary-General. The meetings recessed on 1 June to allow the Turkish Cypriot side to undertake consultations in Nicosia and Ankara. The purpose of these consultations was to promote acceptance of the Varosha/Nicosia International Airport package of confidence-building measures. It was agreed that the joint meetings would resume in New York no later than 14 June. However the leader of the Turkish Cypriot community did not promote acceptance of the package and did not return to New York.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

To: Mr Takashi KOEZUKA

Deputy Secretary General

Re: 10^th Anniversary of Antimonopoly Bodies.

15 August 2000

Dear Mr KOEZUKA
We have the pleasure to invite you to participate in the International Conference "10^th Anniversary of Antimonopoly Bodies.".
This high-level International Conference will take place in Moscow, 18-19 October 2000. It will host participants from foreign and international organizations, governmental, academic and business circles for discussion of crucial problems of competition policy and competition law.
The working languages of the Conference are Russian and English.
For further details please contact Ms Johnston (tel.: 456 899 01)
Joe Brandton

Vice-Minister

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №8

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

United Nations Action for Peace

When the Government of President Samuel Doe was overthrown in 1990, civil war broke out, causing the breakdown of law and order in Liberia. In the following three years, the war claimed the lives of between 100,000 and 150,000 civilians, with some 700,000 refugees fleeing to neighbouring countries. Liberia remained divided: the Interim Government of National Unity administered the capital city of Monrovia; the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) controlled nine counties; and the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) controlled the remaining three counties.

From the outset of the conflict, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a subregional organization made up of 16 countries, took initiatives towards a political settlement. These included creating a Military Observer Group (ECOMOG) in August 1990, and mediating agreements which became the basis for the peace plan of November 1990. On 30 October 1991, ECOWAS brokered the Yamoussoukro IV Accord, which provided for the disarmament of warring factions under ECOMOG supervision, and the establishment of transitional institutions to carry out free and fair elections.

The United Nations supported from the start the efforts of the ECOWAS member States. It also provided humanitarian assistance through its agencies and programmes. The United Nations Special Coordinator's office opened in 1990 to respond to the needs of Liberians throughout the country. Arrangements were made to assist those who fled to neighbouring countries, mainly Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea and Sierra Leone.

To establish peace and stability in the country, the Security Council on 19 November 1992 imposed a general and complete arms embargo on Liberia, and requested the Secretary-General to dispatch an envoy. The Secretary-General appointed a Special Representative for Liberia, who visited Liberia and eight other countries in the region.

In March 1993, the Secretary-General reported to the Security Council that the Special Representative's talks with the parties indicated a consensus for a larger United Nations role in the search for peace. The Council asked the Secretary-General to discuss with ECOWAS and the parties the contribution which the United Nations could make.

On 6 June 1993, nearly 600 Liberians, mainly people displaced by the war, were killed in an armed attack near the Liberian town of Harbel. The Security Council condemned the killings and asked the Secretary-General to launch an investigation.

The investigation panel concluded that the killings had been carried out by units of the Armed Forces of Liberia (one of the parties to the conflict), and that NPFL, to which the act of violence had initially been attributed, had had no role in it. The panel added that this finding did not diminish the responsibility of NPFL, ULIMO and others alleged to have engaged in similar atrocities, and recommended investigating such atrocities.

On 25 July 1993, after a three-day meeting in Cotonou, Benin, under the co-chairmanship of the Secretary-General's Special Representative, the envoy of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Executive Secretary of ECOWAS, the parties signed the Cotonou Peace Agreement. The Agreement provided for a cease-fire, the disarmament and demobilization of military units, a transitional government, and general and presidential elections. A" Joint Cease-fire Monitoring Committee was set up, comprising the three Liberian parties, ECOMOG and the United Nations.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

TO: Ms Klery STAVRAKAKIS

Director

Organization of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

5 February 2000

Dear Ms Stavrakakis
Herewith we are informing you that Mr Bogachev, Deputy Minister, who is a participant to the AZ1A FORUM 2000 in Thesallomki on February 7-8, will be in Athens on February 9 in the afternoon.
Taking the chance of being in Athens he would greatly appreciate if you could meet so as to discuss issues of mutual interest.
Please contact Mr Filimonov so as to arrange the meeting.
I thank you in advance for your kind cooperation.
Sincerely yours
Vladimir Egorov

Head, Department for International Relations

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №9

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

United Nations Action for Peace

On 22 September, the Security Council established the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL), to assist in implementing the peace agreement. Under the agreement, ECOMOG had the primary responsibility for implementation; UNOMIL would monitor and verify the impartial application of the implementation procedures. UNOMIL was the first United Nations peace-keeping mission undertaken in cooperation with a peace-keeping operation already set up by another organization.

The task of UNOMIL comprised monitoring the cease-fire, the arms embargo and the disarmament and demobilization of combatants; assisting in humanitarian activities, including the return of refugees and displaced persons; and observing the election process, conducted by the transitional government.

In accordance with the Cotonou Agreement, ECOMOG was to be reinforced by troops from countries outside West Africa. On the basis of an ECOWAS appeal, the Secretary-General set up a Trust Fund to assist in the deployment and maintenance of the ECOMOG troops. In September 1993, the United States pledged $19.8 million to the Trust Fund, for the deployment and maintenance of the additional troops and for covering some maintenance costs of the existing troops. In January 1994, battalions from Tanzania and Uganda were deployed to Liberia.

After months of stalemate, the Liberian National Transitional Government (LNTG) was installed on 8 March 1994. Elections were to be held in September. But the demobilization proceeded slowly, and came to a halt with the emergence of two new armed factions and accusations that both NPFL and ULIMO had resumed hostilities. Increased fighting forced the UNOMIL observers to move from many of the rural areas to the more secure Monrovia, since the authority of the LNTG could not be extended beyond the capital. Both the NPFL and ULIMO experienced internal divisions, further adding to instability. The elections were postponed indefinitely.

In September, President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana, the ECOWAS Chairman, convened the NPFL, ULIMO and AFL for peace talks attended by the OAU and the United Nations at Akosombo, Ghana. The Akosombo Agreement, signed on 12 September, sought to reinforce and supplement the Cotonou Agreement, recognized as the framework for peace. On 21 December, all warring factions concluded in Accra, Ghana, a peace agreement calling for a cessation of hostilities, the seating of a new transitional government, disarmament of combatants and the eventual holding of elections.

In April 1995, the Secretary-General reported to the Security Council that the peace process remained at an impasse. The Council urged the parties to install a transitional government, re-establish a cease-fire and take steps to implement the Accra Agreement.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

18 December 1998

Minister

Khodirev
Dear Minister,
I am writing today to invite you to our 9^th International Conference on Competition, which will be held on 10 and 11 May 1999 at the Hotel Intercontinental Berlin.
The subject of the 9^th International Conference on Competition is:

Mega-mergers

I would be very pleased to welcome you to Berlin as a participant at our 9^th International Conference on Competition. A simultaneous translation service will be available in German, English and French.
Yours sincerely,
Wolf

President.

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

билет №10

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary. Your time is 45 minutes

The United Nations: STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION

The Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations:

GENERAL ASSEMBLY

The General Assembly is the main deliberative organ. It is composed of representatives of all Member States, each of which has one vote. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new Members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority. Decisions on other questions are reached by a simple majority.

Functions and powers

Under the Charter, the functions and powers of the General Assembly include:

·        to consider and make recommendations on the principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments;

·        to discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is being discussed by the Security Council, to make recommendations on it;

·        to discuss and, with the same exception, make recommendations on any question within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations;

·        to initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and international collaboration in economic, social, cultural, educational and health fields;

·        to make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation, regardless of origin, which might impair friendly relations among nations;

·        to receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs;

·        to consider and approve the United Nations budget and to apportion the contributions among Members;

·        to elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the members of the Economic and Social Council and those members of the Trusteeship Council that are elected; to elect jointly with the Security Council the Judges of the International Court of Justice; and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, to appoint the Secretary-General.

Under the "Uniting for peace" resolution adopted by the General Assembly in November 1950, the Assembly may take action if the Security Council, because of a lack of unanimity of its permanent members, fails to act in a case where there appears to be a threat to international peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. The Assembly is empowered to consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures, including, in the case of a breach of the peace or act of aggression, the use of armed force when necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes

February 25, 2000

Mr. Alexander

President

MICEX
Moscow RUSSIA
Dear Mr. Zakharov:
Please find enclosed the draft Joint Statement on Technical Assistance which I received yesterday from the U.S. Trading Commission.
We understand that your office will undertake to forward this document to Chairman Parmenkov.
If the Russian Party finds the proposal acceptable, we should notify Ms. Corcoran of that fact.
We look forward to your future communications on this matter. Best regards.
Sincerely,
Jeffrey A. Burt

Bukvasha