Реферат Explain the reasons for and outcomes of the Protestant reformation
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The Protestant Reformation is the name given to a religious and political development in the early 16th century. The reformation was led by Martin Luther, a monk from Germany. He said that the Roman Catholic church was corrupt and that it should be reformed. Luther also argued that a reformation was needed of other things. In particular reformation was required with regards: the language that the Bible was produced in: most people couldn't read Latin; the selling of forgiveness, this was considered to be immoral by Luther but had been standard practice by some monks and priests for years. The ideas behind the Protestant Reformation were simple. The church should be changed, or reformed, so that it was less greedy, fairer and accessible to all people, not just the rich and well educated.[1]
Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 - February 18, 1546) was a Christian theologian and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luder on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptised the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours, after whom he was named. Luther’s call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic Church, culminating at the Council of Trent.
His translation of the Bible also helped to develop a standard version of the German language and added several principles to the art of translation. Luther's hymns sparked the development of congregational singing in Christianity. His marriage, on June 13, 1525, to Katharina von Bora, a former nun, began the tradition of clerical marriage within several Christian traditions.[2]
Reasons of Reformation
1.God-seeking of common folk. People believed in existence of God, paradise and hell. Accordingly, they believed in punishment for sins. General character of medieval religiousness horrified a man from coming anger Divine for the sins. In final analysis, it conduced to the desire to be hidden or buy off a coming court or to deep God-seeking. Exactly in the environment of laymen there is a height of veritable piety in this period.
2. Moral falling of priesthood, including monkhoods. As is generally known, in a catholic church a priest can not have a wife. He is forced to observe целибат, or vow of celibacy. But a dad Roman let to the priests to have houses sister on a faith for the conduct of housekeeping. Not all priests had a gift of celibacy, therefore could not hold back and entered into intimate connection with the house-owners. People knew it. Martin Luther, commenting the folded situation, it is said that to place a man and woman in one house and forbid to them to live by sexual life - it however, that to place in one place a straw and fire and to forbid to the straw to burn. Clear, that in the eyes of people священство lost respect. S. Sannikov writes about it so: "Greed for money, a drunkenness and lechery became the permanent companions of most official servants, not except a papacy".
3. Corruption of priests and papacy. An avidity to money gradually низводила priests all to greater decomposition. Dad able played the religious feelings of people, using their ignorance and ignorance of Scripture. The sale of indulgences was entered on different occasions. If a man grieved about the near the dead relative and reflected, that, possibly, he now is in purgatory, then here a catholic church came to him for help". He was necessary only to purchase indulgence - and instantly his relative moved in paradise. A papacy thought of the great number of other ways, in order that to collect a "contribution" from simple people, priests and bishops. Positions of bishops were a sale even. They can be purchased only for payment of certain sum of money to the dad. Only five years prior to the famous performance of Martin luther in Vittenberg general of the same order, which did the German reformer go out from, in the sermon on opening of V of the Lateran cathedral in Rome talked: "When in history of church life our was in a greater decline, when were claims more infinite, avidity of more engrossing, numberless sins are more reckless?. When yet was our religion and our faith exposed to greater derision, what in our days, even in the environment of the common people"? A corruption and decomposition overcame all levels of church hierarchy.
4. Doctrine reasons of reforms. The core of disagreements in a doctrine plan the studies of church became about a rescue and church device, which пре-вратились in relation to раннехристианским and biblical looks how hardly not in the opposition. Instead of sermon of Gospel, or священство entered indulgences which had to be bought a kind new, which consists in that Jesus Christ atoned the sins of people and suggests to accept the gift of forgiveness and life eternal them through a faith,, to get forgiveness and Reign Divine. A desire to return a doctrine cleanness to christianity was large motive force of Reformation.[3]
Outcomes of the Reformation
Obvious result of Reformation a division was Western the christian world in protestant and catholic districts.
Development of national church became another result; these were fixed by the height of the modern national states, the same as before, height of national consciousness assisted development of Reformation. Catholic to the fight against Reformation - including grounds of jesuits Ignatius Loyola in (1540 sanctioned), Advice Trent (1545-63), inquisitions, pointer, and to reform a clergy, as Charles Borromeo - gave new life in old churches and in part result of motion of Reformation.
Finally, brought in Reformations many sweeping changes in reflections and in church and political organization, and many of tendencies which are accepted for description of the modern world began thus.
History of Reformation tells us that no force can forge or neutralize evangelic studies. God erected and will erect the bold and oblatory preachers of evangelic truth on all continents of earth, which will not fall silent to Parousia of Lord Jesus Christ. Reformation is a not matter of hands of man, and matter of the most High God. He will look after about that, to save the Church created by Him and give to her force for life and piety.
[1] http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/protestantreformation.htm
[2] http://www.greatsite.com/timeline-english-bible-history/martin-luther.html
[3] http://german-history.suite101.com/article.cfm/causes-of-the-protestant-reformation
