Music History Essay, Research Paper

HTML1DocumentEncodingutf-8Kafka: The Reality of Change

By: Jamie Schutte

The Reality of Change What is reality? Every person has his or her own ?reality? or

truth of their existence. For some it may be a dead-end job due to their lack of

education while to others it may be the carefree life of a successful person. The true

reality of any situation is that whatever direction is chosen in life a person brings the

same inner self, motivational levels and attitudes. Unless they are willing to change

the way they perceive and react to a situation they are forever trading one set of

problems for another. As readers of literature we too seek to escape our ?reality? and

experience life through an author?s imagination while gaining valuable knowledge

about ourselves. In Franz Kafka?s Metamorphosis, the nature of Gregor Samsa?s

reality changes insignificantly in spite of his drastic physical changes. Gregor?s life

before the metamorphosis was limited to working and caring for his family. As a

travelling salesman, Gregor worked long, hard hours that left little time to experience

?life.? He reflects on his so-called life acknowledging the ?plague of traveling: the

anxieties of changing trains, the irregular, inferior meals, the ever changing faces,

never to be seen again, people with whom one has no chance to be friendly? (Kafka

13). Gregor, working to pay off his family?s debt, has resigned himself to a life full

of no pleasures only work. Kafka himself paralleled this sentiment in a quote taken

from his diaries noting that no matter how hard you work ?that work still doesn?t

entitle you to loving concern for people. Instead, you?re alone, a total stranger, a

mere object of curiosity? (Pawel 167). Gregor submerges himself in work and

becomes a stranger to himself and to life. Any type of social contact beyond porters,

waitresses or bartenders was non-existent. He had once met a ?cashier in a hat shop,

whom he had pursued earnestly but too slowly? (Kafka 76). There was no room in

Gregor?s life for people other that his family and as a result was condemned to a life

without love or caring not to mention basic companionship. He worked diligently to

provide for his family and that remained his only goal in life. Gregor?s family relied

on him to be the ?breadwinner? of the family, but gave him nothing in return. The

life that he had led until now was one fully of obligations and loneliness; he came

home to empty hotel rooms or his apathetic family. His parents and ?their dominance

thus extends to the system which deprives him of creative life and married love?

(Eggenschwiler 54). So concerned with ensuring his parents and sister were taken

care of, he forgot his own needs. It was apparent to everyone that he was no longer

thought of as a son or an extension of the family, but merely as a ?support system.?

The tragic fact is that ?everyone had grown accustomed to it, his family as much as

himself; they took the money gratefully, he gave it willingly but the act was

accompanied by no remarkable effusiveness? (Kafka 48). It appears that in the

course of his hectic work schedule, he overlooks that in return for dedication to his

family, he remains unloved and unappreciated. Yet Gregor still ?believed he had to

provide his family with a pleasant, contented, secure life? (Emrich 149), regardless

of how they treated him. Gregor?s existence before the metamorphosis was much

like after it; limited to work and family, he went unnoticed by both. After changing

into a cockroach one night, Gregor is forced to live a life of isolation with a family

who is appalled by him. He is placed in a ?dark bedroom, in the jumble of discarded

furniture and filth? a ? monstrous vermin, a grotesque, hidden part of the family?

(Eggenschwiler 211). Shock and terror, resulting in Gregor being locked away,

marked his family?s reaction to his metamorphosis. His sister is the only one that,

while frightened, would tend to Gregor?s room and meals. She even took the

responsibility so far as to get angry with anyone who wanted to help. Gregor was not

allowed any contact or association with the family and ?no one attempted to

understand him, no one, not even his sister, imagined that he could understand

them? (Kafka 45). So Gregor was left to occupy his time, alone, and contemplate the

situation he had been thrust into. He was coming to realize that through his

metamorphosis he had not lost anything. He had simply moved from one form to

another while his environment remained constant. The actual metamorphosis

?symbolizes a rebellion assertion of unconscious desires and energies?

(Eggenschwiler 203). Gregor?s current circumstances understandably left him in

search of a way out. It was however, his devotion to his family that kept him working

and sacrificing himself right up to the crucial change. The family unit undergoes

radical changes after Gregor?s metamorphosis while he attempts to remain vigilant

in caring for his family. In reality from the onset of the change Gregor would not be

able to provide for his family any longer. However, he is so consumed with his

duties that, even in his ?cockroach? state ?considers whether he can now still catch

the seven o?clock train? (Emrich 137). Gregor puts his family first, yet again. During

the confrontation with the manager from his office, he begs the manager ?please sir,

spare my parents? (Kafka 24). Even in the face of some unknown tragedy that had

transformed Gregor, he steadfastly protects his family. As always he concludes ?his

duty was to remain docile and to try to make things bearable for his family? (Kafka

42). He carries this out even though it is he who is experiencing this devastating

situation, not his family. As time goes by Gregor realizes that his family can get on

without him. He has become a burden to them and his days of being provider and

protector are over. Near the end of the story, his parents hardly even acknowledge

him. Realizing that the situation is hopeless, his father exclaims ?If he could only

understand us, perhaps there would be some way of coming to an agreement? (Kafka

89). This ?understanding? the father desires is one that they never allowed Gregor.

The family never understood the strain that the current state of affairs was putting on

Gregor, and now rather than supporting him when he needs them they desert him.

Even his sister begins to resent him, feeding him only occasionally and rarely

cleaning his room. The family he gave so much to in return gives him nothing,

leaving him in his time of need, alone and despondent. He recognizes that it is time

to free his family of the burden of caring for him. Thinking of his family he ?realized

that he must go, and this opinion on this point was even more firm, if possible, than

that of his sister? (Kafka 92). He dies that night and his family mourns only

momentarily before moving on with their life. They decide to go for a ride in the

country as if nothing happened, ?they assert freedom and rebellion that Gregor never

asserted in his five years as a dutiful salesman? (Eggenschwiler 213). Having

responsibility proved to be too much for the family, unlike Gregor who devoted his

life to his family. The family distanced themselves from Gregor after the

transformation but ultimately, moved closer to the way of life Gregor had been

subjected to.The true reality of Gregor and his family can be seen through the

resulting condition of the family itself. After his metamorphosis Gregor learned

disturbing information of the financial matters of the family. ?He had always

imagined that his father had been unable to save a penny from the ruins of his

business; in any case, his father had never said anything to undeceive him? (Kafka

47), and he was shocked to learn the family had money. For five years he had

struggled and remained a ?slave? to his own family to find out they could have

bought his way out of bondage long ago. Upon hearing this though Gregor, still

wanting to take care of his family, is not upset but rather glad his father had the

foresight. The current situation also led to the members of the family to gaining

employment to make ends meet. Seeing the father returning from work, dressed in

his work clothes, Gregor wonders if ?it was really the same man who once had lain

wearily in bed when Gregor had been leaving on his journeys? (Kafka 64). Not only

has the father found employment, but the mother and daughter as well. Though they

are a seamstress and sales clerk respectively, they are forced to partake of the ?daily

grind? to ensure the success of the family. While the family maintains their

existence, they are no better off than they were when Gregor was at the helm.The

tragedy of the situation is that the family comes full circle, enduring exactly what

Gregor had for years. After observing a family who lived on the fruits of someone

else is labor, we are shown a ?family exhausted and depressed from laboring at

menial jobs – messenger, seamstress, salesgirl. They live much as Gregor did before

his metamorphosis? (Eggenschwiler 209). Finally, they are forced to work and earn

their own keep. Gregor had slaved for them right up until the metamorphosis and

now it was their turn to do for themselves. We watch ?this petty bourgeois family

that once had its own business? as it falls ?in to the laboring class, where its

strength, pride and independence are lost? (Eggenschwiler 210). They must begin,

yet again, working their way back to economic freedom with no help from Gregor.

After the nightmare of Gregor?s transformation passes they look to the future,

longing for normalcy and the possibility of marriage for their daughter. In the

Metamorphosis, we tend to believe that Gregor?s change into a cockroach is the

main purpose, but after further consideration we see that the ?true? metamorphosis

was in that of his family. Gregor?s reality never changes; his life is as worthless as a

cockroach as it was as a human. The family as a unit is the ones who go from being

?freeloaders? to able-bodied workers for the good of the family. It is possible that

had they realized this earlier the suffering Gregor had experienced for years could

have been avoided.Franz Kafka asks us to fathom if only for a moment, the thought

of our lives changing due to some radical change. Do we feel like Gregor, beaten

down and alone? Are our daily struggles for naught? And, if so, would we fair better

as a cockroach? The answer is, of course, ?no? but, through the Metamorphosis we

observe as one man?s life is proven to be in vain and no better as a human than a

cockroach. Gregor?s family is a burden that he respectfully accepts and carries but

the family reciprocates by neglecting him and longing for his demise. Can anyone be

sure that their lives are good and perfect and that their families would understand

and accept any change that could arise? The fact is that above and beyond all things

a person must consider themselves first, however selfish it might appear. Sense of

self will keep you through all the adverse times in life and be a companion to rely on

when no one else cares.

Bibliography

Eggenschwiler, David. ??The Metamorphosis?, Freud, and the Chains ofOdysseus?.

Franz Kafka: Modern Critical Views. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House

Publishers, 1986. 199-219.Emrich, Wilhelm. Franz Kafka: A Critical Study of His

Writings. New York: Ungar, 1968.Kafka, Franz. Metamorphosis. Trans. A.L. Lloyd.

New York: Vanguard Press, Inc., 1946.Pawel, Ernst. The Nightmare of Reason. New

York: Vintage Books, 1984.

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