How Money Is Used, Raised, And Wasted In Washington Essay, Research Paper

As many Federal departments and agencies lurch into an era of running

without funds, the leaders of both parties of Congress are spending less

and less time searching for a compromise to balance the budget, and more

and more time deciding how to use it to their advantage on the campaign

trail. Meanwhile money is easily borrowed to pay for government

overhead. In an attempt to change this, on June 29, Congress voted in

favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7 year plan to balance the Federal

Budget by the year 2002 (Hager 1899). This would be done by

incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with a projected 7

year tax cut of $245 billion. If this plan were implemented, in the year

2002, the U.S. Government would have the first balanced budget since

1969.

There is doubt by citizens that a balanced budget will become reality.

A recent Gallop Poll from January, 1996 showed the budget as the #1

concern among taxpayers, but 4/5 of those interviewed said they doubt

the GOP will do the job (Holding 14). Meanwhile, an ABC poll from

November reported that over 70% of those polled disapprove of the

current performance by Congress, and most blamed politicians for failure

to take action (Cloud 3709). These accusations of failure to follow

through come with historical proof that Congress and Clinton have failed

to compromise and resolve the issue. After all, current budget plans

are dependent on somewhat unrealistic predictions of avoiding such

catastrophes as recession, national disasters, etc., and include minor

loopholes. History has shown that every budget agreement that has failed

was too lax. One might remember the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that

attempted to balance the budget, but left too many exemptions, and was

finally abandoned in 1990 (Weinberger 33).

So after a pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create, promote,

and pass their budget, as promised on campaign trail 94, Clinton

rejected the very bill he demanded. This essentially brought the

federal budget back to square one. Clinton thought such a demand on

Republicans to produce a budget would produce inner-party quarrels and

cause the GOP to implode. Instead, they produced a fiscal budget that

passed both houses of Congress, only to be stalemated by a stubborn

Democratic President Clinton. Meanwhile, Clinton bounced back with a CBO

scored plan with lighter, less risky cuts to politically sensitive areas

like entitlements. Clinton?s plan also saved dollars for education and

did not include a tax increase, but most cuts would not take effect

until he is out of office, in the year 2001. Although Clinton is

sometimes criticized for producing a stalemate in budget talks, the

White House points out that the debt has gone down since Clinton took

office, with unemployment also falling. Republicans are quick to state

that Clinton originally increased taxes in 1993 and cut defense

programs, but his overall plan was for an increasing budget without

deficit reduction.

Startling Facts about the budget:

As of 1996, the national debt was at an all time high of $5 trillion

dollars, with interest running at a whopping $250 billion per year (Rau

M-1). This equals out to an individual responsibility of more than

$50,000 per taxpayer. Nearly 90% of that debt has accumulated since

1970, and between 1980 and 1995, the debt grew by 500%. Currently, the

debt grows by more than $10,000 per second (Rau M-l), and at current

rates, a baby born in 1992 will pay 71% of his or her income in net

taxes. At current rates, our government is about to reach its breaking

point. If that?s not enough to scare a taxpayer, by 2002, 60% of

government spending will be for entitlements, and by 2012, these

programs are projected to take up all government revenue (Dentzer 32).

Not only economic development, but also family income is hurt by debt.

With the cost of living going up, it becomes harder to find a job.

According to the Concord Coalition, real wages peaked in 1973 and have

gone down ever since. If the economy grew as fast as it did in 1950,

without a debt, the median family income would be $50,000, compared to

the present median of $35,000 (Rau M-1).

As of current fiscal year?s budget, the United States government spends

$1.64 trillion yearly. $500 billion of that, or 1/3 of the total, is for

discretionary spending (Rau M-1). This discretionary spending is the

target for most cuts, and seems to be the easiest to make cuts in.

Overall, the difference between the two parties budget plans is only

$400 billion. This could easily be trimmed by eliminating tax cuts and

adjusting the consumer price index to reality. Democrats say the GOP

plan is too lopsided, and Republicans criticize the Democrat plan for

being unrealistic. A study by the Urban Institute shows GOP cuts will be

felt mainly by the bottom 1/5 of U.S. population. This should be more

equally spread out across income brackets (Hosansky 1449).

The GOP plan:

By fulfilling campaign promises made by freshman Republican Congressmen

to cut government spending, the GOP managed to pass a $1.6 trillion

budget resolution by a party-line vote, in both houses of Congress

(Hosansky 1450). This budget called for major cuts in education,

environmental programs, discretionary spending, and the largest of all:

entitlements. 70% of the money to balance the budget under the GOP plan

would have come from entitlements. This is because entitlement programs

currently take up $301 billion a year. Such cuts had already been

partially implemented with the GOP cutting overall spending by 9.1% in

1996 alone.

First, in an attempt to stop the projected bankruptcy of Medicare in

2002, Republicans cut $270 billion overall from the program, with

hospital reimbursement cuts being the deepest (Hager 1283). Although

stabilizing the fund is only expected to cost $130-$150 billion over 7

years, the GOP budget would reform the program to run better, and

cheaper, by allowing it to grow at 6% yearly, instead of the current

10%. While both parties agree on premium hikes for beneficiaries, this

is a touchy subject for the 38.1 Million elderly voters on Medicare in

1996 (Rubin 1221). Medicaid, another volatile program, would be cut

$182 billion under the GOP proposal. This would entail placing a cap on

the program?s spending, and passing control of it to the individual

state governments. For an estimated 39 million low-income people on

Medicaid in 1996, the GOP plan cuts the program far more than Clinton?s

proposed $98 billion cut. Social Security is another program being cut.

The government has already reduced the outlay for seniors 70 and younger

who are on the program, but Republicans want more by increasing the

eligibility for Social Security from 62 to 65 for early retirement, and

65 to 70 for standard retirement (Henderson 60). Smaller cuts included

$11 billion in student loan reductions, $9.3 billion in labor cuts, $10

billion eliminated from public housing programs, and several other

numerous disaster relief programs cut (Rubin 1222).

The GOP also wants to eliminate programs initiated by Clinton like the

National Service initiative, summer jobs, Goals 2000, and Americorps.

Also, by terminating unnecessary farm programs, and cutting others by

$12.3 billion, Republicans hope to cut the yearly $6 billion that the

Federal Government spends on direct subsidies to farmers. Agricultural

policies were also reformed and embedded into budget-reconciliation

bills (Hosansky 3730).

Clinton?s Budget:

Clinton?s budget only surfaced after he vetoed the budget passed by

Congress, and included shallower cuts, with little or no reform to

entitlements. This plan was supported by most Democrats and was used as

an alternate to a gutsy GOP budget. Clinton repeatedly trashed the

Republican?s efforts to make cuts on programs he feels important like

student loans, agricultural programs, and entitlements. He accused

Republicans of wanting to kill some all together. He has also

threatened to veto a Republican plan to reform Medicare called Medical

Savings Accounts, unless his programs are left intact (Hager 752).

Under Federal law, the President is required to submit budget requests

in 2 forms: Budget Authority (BA), the amount of new federal commitments

for each fiscal year, and Outlays, the amount actually spent in the

fiscal year (Rubin 1221). The plan that Clinton has presented is not

only a budget resolution in the form of a campaign document, but also

proof of how far the Republicans have moved him to compromise since the

they took control of Congress. Most important, it does not readily

translate into regular accounting principles used for government

programming.

This year?s White House budget was a 2,196 page document that the GOP

struck down immediately for not cutting taxes enough and neglecting to

downsize the government (Hagar 752). "There is little or no change at

all in this budget," said Pete Domenici (Senate Budget Committee

Chairman), talking of Clinton?s new budget. Among largest cuts within

Clinton?s plan was the downsizing of 1/5 to 1/3 of all programs that he

felt were not a priority to present day government. In addition, he

wanted to close loopholes presented to corporate taxation, that would

save an estimated $28 billion. He vowed to keep programs like education,

crime prevention, and research or environmental grants, while increasing

the Pell Grant from $2,340 to $2,700. Attention was also placed on

discretionary spending, with Clinton cutting a smaller $297 billion

compared to GOP?s $394 billion cut.

According to the Office of Management and Budget, the President?s plan

cuts middle-income taxes by $107.5 billion in 7 years, small business by

$7 billion, and cuts $3.4 billion from distressed urban and rural area

relief (Rubin 1222). This was to be paid for by a $54.3 billion hike in

corporate and wealthy-income taxes, and also in $2.3 billion of tighter

EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit) adjustments. Although Clinton?s plan was

expected to cut a whopping $593 billion in 7 years to furthermore

produce an $8 billion surplus in 2002, most cuts are long term without a

clear goal.

Clinton is sometimes criticized by Republicans for unwillingness to

compromise. He has used vetoes and stubborn negotiations to protect

personal priorities like education, job training, and environmental

programs, but Republicans have also tried using domination to force him

to comply. GOP Presidential candidate Bob Dole said if Clinton was

serious about the budget, "we probably could have had an agreement on

New Years Day," 1996 (Hosansky 1449). "The President is sitting on his

hands while the federal debt keeps going up and up and up into the

stratosphere," said Congressman Jesse Helms, Rep -North Carolina. But

one must remember that President Clinton does have somewhat of an

overwhelming power in this debate that Republicans can do nothing about.

He is the single person that can veto laws sent to him, and also has the

power to call Congress back into session if he is unhappy with the

current situation. This was President Truman?s "ace in the hole" back in

1948.

A Neutral Proposal:

As a neutral proposal, a group calling themselves the "Blue Dog?s" have

won support for their budget from both Republicans and Democrats. The

group also known as the Concord Coalition includes many conservative

Democrats that want to see shallower budget cuts with less reform to

entitlements. They also believe a tax cut should be delayed until the

budget is balanced. The Coalition believes that by reforming entitlement

policy, rethinking government size, changing taxation methods, and

consuming less, our budget can be balanced (Rau M-1).

Defending Deficits:

In defense of deficits, some may argue that the danger of the current

situation is highly over rated. A budget deal has always had less to do

with economics than with politics and morality. Budget deficits don?t

crowd out private investment, government spending does, and a large

surplus may not be a sign of strength for a country. Some say it is

impossible for every country to run either a surplus or a deficit. What

matters is that a country can service its debts (Defense 68).

During most of the 19th century, the United States borrowed from the

world (a current-account deficit). By 1870, it was running a trade

surplus, and by 1900 we had a current-account surplus. But in the early

2Oth century, the U.S. became the world?s largest net creditor, and by

1970 it peaked by finally running into deficit in 1970. Finally, 1980

brought a deficit so large, that the government was a net debtor again

(Bottom Line 14).

Current Reductions:

One of the ways we are currently reducing the deficit includes the

introduction of "means testing." This means that people would get

entitlements based on need. The government already has reduced Social

Security for modest income seniors age 70 and younger, but budget

cutters want to broaden that idea (Henderson 60). There are 2 major

problems with means testing. First, it is considered inherently unfair.

Some might argue that a person might blow all of their income before the

entitlement reductions come into place. Second, it might reduce the

incentive to work and encourage people to hide their income. For

instance, beneficiaries of Social Security, ages 62-64, lose $1.00

yearly in benefits for every $2.00 they earn in income or wages above

$8,160 per year (Henderson 60). Some say increasing eligibility

requirements would solve some problems, and propose raising the age of

early retirement from 62 to 65, and standard retirement from 65 to 70.

Another touchy subject in budget reduction is the argument that the poor

are being left out of savings. According to the Clinton Administration,

the GOP budget would cause a family with income of $13,325 per year to

lose 11% of their income (Whitman 42). United States Treasury Department

studies say the bottom 1/5 income families would have net tax increase

of an average $12 to $26 under the GOP plan. The top 1/5 income families

would receive more than 60% of the tax relief. A HHS analysis states

that the GOP plan would also boost child poverty rates from 14.5% to

16.1%, and poor families with children would loose 6% of their income.

Conclusion:

In the end, budget reduction is no easy task. "…fixing the National

debt is like catching a train leaving the station. The longer we wait,

the harder and farther we have to run," says the Concord Coalition (Rau

M-1). "Both parties want the issue," instead of an agreement, said

Representative Bill Orton. The center of attention for debate on budget

cutting is politics, and whomever takes responsibility for reform gets

left wide open to criticism.

Although Congress and Clinton have spent the past year on debating the

budget and the size of the Federal Government, most plans fall back on

gimmicks, loopholes, and long-term plans. Even Democrats now agree to

downsize the government, but the two parties disagree on how and where.

As we trust our elected officials to make decisions in Washington on our

behalf, we must show interest and aptitude on the end results.

To accomplish a balanced budget deal, many suggest that we must not only

balance spending, but reform entitlements, rethink government size,

change tax methods, and depend less on Washington. Attendees of a

conference on budget cutting in Jackson Hole, Wyoming suggested we

deliver a budget that has a simple, quantifiable goal, that includes

short term goals, and eliminated gimmicks. Countries like Sweden and

Canada have successfully reformed fiscal policies. Sweden?s government

elected to abandon welfare, pensions, health insurance, unemployment

programs, family assistance, and child allowances. Their deficit soon

fell by 3.5% of GDP in one year alone (Urresta 51). Sweden?s plan was

three times as intense as Congress? current plan, while cutting spending

in half the time.

As for cuts, everyone must suffer. As entitlement debates continue, "the

interests of older Americans are being protected at the expense of young

people," says Neil Howe and Bill Strauss (Rau M- 1). Older Americans

have good reason to protect programs that they have paid into for years,

but those programs spend an overall per capita amount of 11 times as

much on elderly than that spent on children altogether (Rau M-1). The

youth are the future of America, and we should protect them too.

Currently, poverty in US is 3 times as likely to affect the very young

than the very old. By balancing the budget, "interest rates come down,

the economy picks up – we will rebound," says Representative James

Greenwood (Cloud 3709), and everyone should be happy with that.