Prader-Willi Syndrom Essay, Research Paper

Prader-Willi Syndrom

Prader-Willi Syndrome is a serious genetic disorder that begins at birth with no

known cure ; causing mental retardation,short stature,low muscle

tone,incomplete sexual development,and its main charecteristic,the desire to eat

everything and anything in sight.

Prader-Willi syndrome was first known as Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome after

three Swiss doctors who first described the disorder in 1956. The doctors

described a small group of kids with obesity, short stature and mental

deficiency , neonatal hypotonia (floppiness) and a desire to constantly eat

because they are always hungry. Many other features of PWS have since been

described, but extreme obesity and the health problems associated with being fat

are the most prominent features. Individuals with PWS have some but not all of

the same features and symptoms.

PWS is a birth defect. A defect in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain, is

suspected to be the cause.The hypothalamus determines hunger and satiety.They

can?t fell satiety,so they always have a urge to eat.Some PWS cases are so out

of control thay will eat bottlecaps,glass,pencils,garbage,bugs,dogfood, and

anything else they can stuff in their mouths.

“The ingenuity and determination of PWS children in surreptitiously obtaining

edibles is almost legendary and belies their cognitive defects. Serial weighing

may be the only way to discover whether such a child is, in fact, stealing

food”(Finey,1983).

PWS occurs in about l in 10,000 births. It occurs in both males and females

equally and is found in people of all races and all nations.It is one of the ten

most common conditions seen in genetics clinics.

Young people with PWS resemble each other very much.Most of the time, they look

like brother and sister. Most of PWS people have almond shaped eyes, narrow

foreheads, downturned mouth, thin upper lip and a small chin. Other common

features are : obesity , they may be short; they have small hands and feet; have

a skin picking habit, thick and sticky saliiva,incomplete sexual development, a

curved spine (scoliosis),and chronic sleepiness.

PWS patients also have similar personalities: talkative, friendly,extreme

attempts towards getting food,arguementivness,repetitve thoughts and behavior,

stubbornness, frequent temper tantrums, and sometimes sudden acts of violence.

Most people with PWS have some degree of mental deficiency. The average IQ of

people with PWS is 65 ,and it ranges from 20 to 90. 41% of PWS people have IQs

in the normal or borderline range.Specific academic weakness in math and writing

are common, but reading and art are considered strengths.A delay in getting to

early developmental milestones is common in PWS. The average IQ testing shows

that people with PWS are mildly retarded, the range is from severely retarded

to not retarded, with 40% having borderline retardation or just a low normal

intelligence. Most affected children, besides their IQ scores, will have many,

severe learning disabilities,and will show poor academic performance no matter

what their IQ shows to their mental abilities.

There are many signs and symptoms of PWS that show up before birth.some are

decreased fetal movement in 80-90% and having an abnormal delivery in 20-30%

due to having a really floppy baby. There are two distinct clinical stages of

PWS.

Stage 1

Babys with PWS are called “floppy babies” a lot. Thats because they have weak

muscles, officially it is known as hypotonia. This hypotonia,which almost always

occurs, could be mild to severe. Neonatal hypotonia makes sucking difficult,

and a special feeding method called a gavage is used.A gavage the placing of a

tube into the stomach through the mouth.They use it during the first days of

life a lot.. Decreased caloric intake from the special feeding difficulties may

lead to failure to gain weight. To keep the baby?s weight under control

supervision by a professional nutritionist or a specialist who understands the

syndrome might be necessary. Physical therapy is strongly recommended to improve

muscle tone. When the muscle tone improves enough, an increased appetite and

weight gain starts.The beginning of the second stage has begun. This hypotonia

does not progress and begins to improve between 8 and 11 months of age in most

cases.It improves,but it is never completly normal.

Stage 2

Stage 2 occurs between one and two years of age and is characterized by an

appetite that can not be satisfied whic causes excessive weight gain. Speech

problems, sleepiness, decreased pain sensitivity, skin picking habits and

decreased growth are also characteristics of the second stage of PWS. The

personality problems develop between ages 3 and 5 years also.

Most parents who have a kid with PWS do not have another kid affected with PWS

. The cases of PWS are thought by scientist to have occured by chance in

isolated flukes of nature. But, there have been reports of families with more

than one kid with PWS, but it is not common. Fewer than a dozen families with

more than one affected offspring have ever been reported.

A blood sample for high resolution chromosome analysis is drawn on anyone who is

though to have PWS.This will check out the chromosones. Chromosomes are

packages of information found in the cells of our bodies. Each cell has a set of

46 chromosomes, which come in pairs numbered from 1 to 23. Parents contribute

with one chromosome from each pair.Okay,now Prader-Willi Syndrome is caused by

the absence of some genes on one of the chromosones that affect the functionimg

of the hypothalamus.Many laboratories around the world are researching this.

About three-fourths of people with PWS have a tiny piece missing from one member

of the pair of chromosone fifteens (the one inherited by the father).The other

one fourth are missing the dads contribution to this part of the chromosone by

missing all of the fathers chromosone fifteen and having two copies the mother?s

chromosone fifteen.The genes in this region are not functional and noone

understands why.

As soon an the kid has improved muscle tone, and has increased its appetite, and

is old enough to get move on the floor,than any food that can be easily gotten

must be moved to a safer,out-of-reach place. To make inappropriate ?food?

unavailable to the kid with PWS, parents must learn special patterns of food

storage and handling

Sleepiness during the day and napping a lot are some of the common features of

PWS. Recently, studies have show that there is a strong link between this and

sleep quality. Some of the types of sleep disorders that have been described in

PWS affected people are: disturbance to the sleep\ wake cycle, obstructive sleep

apnea, hypoventilation syndromes and narcolepsy. Although patients with PWS fall

asleep very quickly, their sleep period is significantly disrupted with frequent

awakenings and abnormal patterns of rapid eye movements sleep (rems).

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs with increased upper airways resistance, either

from enlarged tonsils , relaxation of the upper airway musculature, or from

structural airway anomalies. Sometimes actual pauses in breathing during sleep

can occur.. Narcolepsy, which involves sleep attacks and occasional loss of

muscle tone,

Short stature is also a common feature of almost all PWS affected people (80-

100%), but birth height is usually normal. The average adult height is 59 inches

in women and 61 inches in men. Abnormal growth hormone response suggests a

possible dysfunction of the hypothalamus and, growth hormone deficiency as a

contributing factor in short stature. Improvement in growth rate and decreased

rate of weight gain have recently been demonstrated in several growth hormone-

deficient children with PWS after six months of growth hormone treatment

Other significant actions of growth hormone that have been reported is an

improvement of muscle mass, muscle strength, energy expenditure, bone

mineralization ,sexual development ,and also a decrease in fat mass ,have led to

further investigations in people with PWS.

Children with PWS have distinct behavioral abnormalities because of all the

frustrations associated with the syndrome. These behaviors may begin as early as

two years of age. They will get a variety of different eating behaviors like

foraging for food, secretly eating large amounts of food, and other attempts to

continue eating. Other problems include verbally and physically aggressive

behaviors such as lying, stealing, scratching and skin picking. Tantrums and

unprovoked outbursts are common among children and youths with PWS.

People with mild cases of PWS can do many things their normal peers can do,such

as go to school,get jobs,and sometimes even move away from home.However they

need a lot of help.Kids going to school would need to be enrolled in special

education programs(Otherwise they?d be eating their pencil and paper).They need

to be constantly supervised.