Tqm Essay, Research Paper

TQM in Foodservice Introduction One of the most important industries overall

is the food industry. The food industry consists of everything from food processing

plants to fast food restaurants. The food industry affects nearly every living

person. Most people don’t realize how important this industry is and how it

affects their everyday lives. That is why it is so critical that the products

of this industry are at their highest quality, are free of bacteria and ensure

that the consumer will not face any detrimental consequences. Total Quality

Management (TQM) plays a big role in promising these results. Total Quality

Management seems to be a confusing term for the layman. TQM is a philosophy

advocated by Dr. Edward Deming, a world renowned quality guru. It was widely

accepted by Japan from 1950 onward. They used this principle for continuous

refinement of an organization-wide quality system. Since then many organizations

around the world have adopted TQM or similar methodologies. There have been

many successes and many reported failures. Success of the system depends on

the total commitment of the people to quality from top to bottom within the

organization. TQM implementation is based on team work and the philosophy of

continuous improvement. Statistics need to be used extensively to analyze and

reduce the variation in the process. In the food industry, continuous improvement

is vital to the survival of a specific company or restaurant. The customer is

constantly purchasing the products of competitors and any decline in quality

will equal a decrease in gross profits. There are several areas that a restaurant

may focus on for quality improvement such as menu offerings, hospitality, service,

cleanliness, and over all food quality. All of these aspects will be covered

in this paper concerning Total Quality Management. Summary Employee & Product

Quality Various well known companies such as Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Taco Bell

have implemented Total Quality Management programs in an effort to increase

quality and market share. Ritz-Carlton of Kansas City, Missouri, recently revamped

menu selections for its rooftop-level restaurant and bar operation. This came

about through customer surveys, focus-group studies of local restaurant patrons,

employee opinions, and market analysis. This began with the general manager,

Norm Howard, as TQM must start at the top to be successful. He states that “It

[TQM] is about listening to your customers and empowering your employees to

participate in important business decisions” (Stephenson, 1993). Taco Bell,

with the implementation of a Total Quality Management system, has improved its

speed of service, friendliness of service, and value for money ratings. This

company has done this by empowering employees and seeking customer input. By

integrating their employees into the system, Taco Bell has also decreased employee

turnover by 63% (Stephenson, 1993). According to the article “TQM: Making it

Work for You,” there are six areas that need to be focused on (Stephenson, 1993).

The first area is measuring quantitative results of various surveys and studies

and basing future decisions strictly on these outcomes. This information could

come from something as simple as a comment card, but these cards must tell the

business more than what was good and bad, but why. The second area to be focused

on is empowering the employees. Allowing the employees to be involved in the

team effort. Make the employees feel responsible for their actions and allow

the employees to fix their problems. This is where many franchises lack, making

it the manager’s responsibility to fix the problems that the employees create.

If management treats employees in a respectable manner, the employee will turn

around and treat the customer with respect also. Avoiding errors is the third

area that needs to be focused on. The main focus of a Total Quality Management

program is to eliminate errors before they can occur. Systems cause about 80%

of all errors, so if the system is error free, then the employee has a lesser

chance of making mistakes. Next comes the integration of management into the

process. Total Quality Management implies that management must be 100% in favor

of the program, or else the employees will not respond properly. Employees will

follow the lead of the management team. Last is to do what the customer want,

as tells the aphorism “The customer is always right.” This is the same principle.

There is no sense in serving only fried chicken if the customers demand a more

health conscious baked or grilled chicken. “Customers are not only the people

who walk through the doors looking for a meal but also your suppliers and employees”

(Stephenson, 1993). Health & Safety Quality Total Quality Management does not

just deal with product quality, but all around, or total quality. Another area

that quality needs to be continuously improved in is health and safety. Sky

Chefs, an airline caterer recently came to the conclusion that their workers’

comp. Costs were skyrocketing, so they incorporated their Total Quality Management

program to help solve these health and safety problems (Kay, Murphy, Harris,

1994). The main reason for business is profit, and if workers’ comp. Costs are

at unacceptable levels, that cuts out profit. Initially, the program focused

on injury prevention and set a goal of reducing workers’ compensation costs

by 50% in three years. Task teams were initiated to collect data on estimated

future loss, loss sources and medical treatment patterns which would be evaluated

and used to eliminate hazardous areas of operation. They also gathered qualitative

data on employee and management attitudes and beliefs, current policies which

focus on potential hazards, and the physical environment. With this data, changes

were made and continuously updated with Sky Chef reaching their goal of a 50%

decline in less than 18 months (Kay, Murphy, Harris, 1994). The teams developed

several guidelines for improvements as follows: Incorporate safe work practices

into standard work processes; Involve line workers in all aspects of process

improvement, particularly safe work practices; Integrate and continuously improve

post-injury management processes; Communicate concern for employees; Create

a unified data base that could deliver timely, useful information to line managers;

Review vendors objectively and thoroughly; Institute criteria and time-based

medical care and disability management; Implement a comprehensive modified duty

program; Create a single managerial focus for loss prevention and work-related

injury management (Kay, Murphy, Harris, 1994). By following these directives,

a company could efficiently reduce workers’ compensation costs. They have earmarked

this as the Concern, Awareness, Responsibility, and Excellence program (C.A.R.E)

which is a safety communications program which involves and rewards the line

employees for committing safe acts (Kay, Murphy, Harris, 1994). One aspect that

these articles seem to have left out is the actual quality of the product, the

food. In food service classes and in the real world, one form of Total Quality

Management is known as the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, or the HACCP

system. This system was developed to ensure zero defects during food handling

by monitoring the whole preparation process. Its purpose is to identify and

correct errors before they happen. The old method of quality assurance was to

test the final product (TechniCAL 1996). If the product was not sufficient,

it was either held, reprocessed, or ultimately destroyed (TechniCAL 1996). This

method was costly, not only in an economic sense, but also timely. The HACCP

system monitors the food from the delivery point through-out storage and preparation

until consumption. It analyzes critical control points where extra precaution

may be needed with potentially hazardous foods. A flow chart is established

to determine which foods need to be analyzed at which times. Management and

employees alike must take this system very seriously and follow all steps which

includes assessing hazards, identifying critical control points, setting up

procedures for critical control points, monitoring critical control points,

taking corrective action, setting up a record-keeping system, and verifying

that the system is working (Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant

Foundation [EFNRA], 1992). This system is necessary to maintain a quality food

product and I feel is a part of Total Quality Management. According to Russell

Cross, industry guru on HACCP, the foundation between Total Quality Management

and HACCP are the same: “do it right the first time and every time and you get

a good final product” (1994). He also goes on to state that it is necessary

to check each step “along the process to make sure the product is safe and the

process is in control – instead of relying on the end product when it’s too

late to correct the problem” (1994). Conclusion The food industry is an industry

where it is a necessity that health and safety are given a number one priority,

and with a Total Quality Management system in place, it becomes much easier

to facilitate these needs. If any food product becomes contaminated it could

mean illness for any customer which consumes this product, which could bring

about lawsuits and even an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

investigation which could result in the closing of the business. I was part

of a management team at a local fast food restaurant and I feel that our employee

turnover rate was extremely high compared to other businesses in town. By implementing

a Total Quality Management system such as the one used by Taco Bell, these turnover

problems could subside to acceptable levels, along with increased customer satisfaction.

The three most important factors in any food service business are cleanliness

quality, and service. A Total Quality Management program, if implemented properly

from the top down, with everyone involved in the program believing in it, would

ensure the three factors are met and will constantly continue to improve. I

feel that this is a very important factor in an industry that is so diverse

and ever-changing.

Cross, Russell. (1994). What HACCP Really Means Available: http://ifse.tamu.edu/ifse/haccp.htm

pp. 1-4.

Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association, (1992). Applied

Foodservice Sanitation, (4th ed.). Kendall/Hund Publishing Company.

Kay, Michael Z., Murphy, J. William, and Harris, Jeffrey S. (1994 January/February).

How to Zap Your Workers’ Comp Costs Financial Executive, pp. 44-48.

Stephenson, Susie. (1993, October 1). TQM: Making it Work for You Restaurants

& Institutions, pp. 109-111.

TechniCAL. HACCP: A Principle Whose Time has Come Available: http://www.tcal.com/haccp.htm

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