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H.G. Wells Literary Criticism Essay, Research Paper
Herbert George Wells was born in Bromley, Kent, a suburb of London, to a lower-middle-class family. He
attended London University and the Royal College of Science where he studied zoology. One of his
professors instilled in him a belief in social as well as biological evolution which Wells later cited as the
important and influential aspect of his education. This is how it all began. Maybe without this professor
Wells wouldn?t be the famous author he is today. Most of Wells novels are science fiction and have a great
deal of some kind of human society theme, or Darwinism in mind. It is a theme that is seen in his most
famous science fiction writings. H.G. Wells seems to convey a sense of Darwinism and change in the
future of society in his major works.
Wells has been called the father and Shakespeare of science fiction. He is best known today for
his great work in science fiction novels and short stories. He depicted stories of chemical warfare, world
wars, alien visitors and even atomic weapons in a time that most authors, or even people for that matter,
were not thinking of the like. His stories opened a door for future science fiction writers who followed the
trend that Wells wrote about. His most popular science fiction works include The Time Machine, The
Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, and The Island of Doctor Moreau. His first novel, The Time
Machine, was an immediate success. By the time the First World War had begun his style of writing and
novels had made him one of the most controversial and best-selling authors in his time.
In the story The Time Machine, Wells expresses his creativity with images of beauty, ugliness
and great details. In this novel Wells explores what it would be like to travel in this magnificent and
beautiful machine. ?The criterion of the prophecy in this case is influenced by the theory of ?natural
selection.? (Beresford, 424) He uses Darwin?s theory in the novel and relates it to the men living in the
novel. The men are no longer struggling to survive, they have all adapted and there is no termination of
the weak. It had practically ceased. His fascination with society in biological terms is also mentioned,
?Shows Wells horizon of sociobiological regression leading to cosmic extinction, simplified from
Darwinism.? (Beresford, 424) He took the idea from Darwin but instead of making it ?survival of the
fittest?, the weak have already died off and only the fittest are left, which leads to the extinction. His
fascination with Darwinism was one that had not been thought by many in that time, because there were
questions of ethics and religion. ?From The Time Machine on, it was generally recognized that no writer
had so completely or so perceptively taken Darwin to heart.? (McConnell, 442) He wasn?t the first man to
realize and acknowledge the importance of Darwin?s theory for the future of civilization, but he is said to
be the first to assimilate that theory into his stories.
Concerning society with the future, The Time Machine is said to be seen as ?a prophecy of the
effects of rampant industrialization on that class conflict that was already, in the nineteenth, century a
social powder keg.? (McConnell, 438) Wells always touched upon the subject of society, the destruction of
it, and how it would become in the future due to this destruction and chaos. His view on society was that
the classes would clash and ultimately ?they might become two races, mutually uncomprehending and
murderously divided,? (Suvin, 435) His predictions of future societies were all much alike, war-torn class
problems, much like what is seen now a days. The narrator of The Time Machine says of the Time
Traveler that he ?saw in the growing pile of civilization only a foolish heaping that must inevitably fall
back upon and destroy its makers in the end.? (McConnell, 439) This is another reference to society?s
survival of the fittest, as he depicts civilization tearing at each other, and in the end, doing away with their
creator.
Not all of his predictions and social clashes were horrid and horrendous with violence. In some of
his foretelling of what society would do, he recommended things that could be done to avoid such things
and maybe in the end reach some kind of peace or togetherness. ?That the human race, thanks to its
inherited prejudices and superstitions and its innate pigheadedness, is an endangered species; and that
mankind must learn-soon-to establish a state of worldwide cooperation by burying its old hatreds and its
ancient selfishness, or face extinction.? (McConnell, 439) I?m not saying Wells was some kind of great
prophet or a Nostradamus of his time, but it is something that sounds like a prediction for what is to come
and what must be done to avoid and/or overcome the differences.
Wells predictions were not only for the social classes, but also in the field of warfare weaponry
and new innovations not yet seen or heard of in his time. He went as far as to describe the weapons used,
and the inventions never imagined by man. Among his predictions were the use of armored tanks in war.
He even used the phrase ?atomic bomb? before anyone was using it, and described in close detail the
power of the chain reaction explosions.
The Island of Doctor Moreau may well be the most famous novel written by H.G. Wells. It is also
said to be his most ?systematic study of the evolutionary dilemma,? (Bergonzi, 543 ) as he complicates,
once again, the evolutionary system. Most of the critics said the same thing about the novel, if not
similarities. ?The meaning of the novel is found in Darwinism? (Bergonzi, p.543) The island has a
scientist by the name of Doctor Moreau and he changes the animals into new and almost human like
forms. It is like playing with nature and evolving a whole new species out of what is already there on the
island.
Just like Charles Darwin came up with his theory of the unchanged and evolved animals on the
Galapagos, H.G. Wells came up with this island and the scientist there is evolving them on his own. It is
also said that the ?version of the island myth conveys a powerful and imaginative response to the
implications of Evolution.? (Huntington, 445) which sounds like what I explained, that this is Wells way
of interpreting his own evolution in his science fiction world. He causes a sort of imbalance among the
humans and semi-humans his mad doctor has created on his island. The imbalance causes a sense of
threat of one of the specie?s domination in the story, and causes a puzzling thought of evolution and ethics
for the readers.
?Moreau?s genius is thwarted by society and so he preys on society,? (Huntington, 446) The mad
Doctor Moreau is opposed and against the society that has evolved around him and that he has been
exposed to, so he seeks out to destroy it, by creating his own evolved species. Doctor Moreau wants to play
the creator and eliminator, and bring it together in his own survival of the fittest game. It reminds me of a
story I read my freshman year in high school, about a man who lives on a deserted island, and the people
who are stranded there, he hunts them for fun. The common factor is they?re both trying to make their
own little world with different classes of species.
Called one of ?Well?s finest piece of sustained imaginative writing? (Beresford, 425 ), The War
of the Worlds, is often considered to be the story that most science fiction authors that came after Wells
follow, or get their ideas from. Wells presents to us an image of human society as the victim to aliens that
are encountered by humans. The theme of the story has been said to be ?Physical destruction of society or
dissolution of the social order.? (Bergonzi, p.544) Wells continues on with his Darwinian approach in this
story, as it did with The Island of Doctor Moreau, with it?s details of violence and mutilation, as if society
is evolving into some kind of violent species out to destroy itself. With this destruction of society leads the
loss of order in all parts, especially social disorder and chaos.
In the story The War of the Worlds, Wells describes in details how a Martian will eat up a human
being, and we read on in disgust. He then later cautions, ?I think that we should remember how repulsive
our carnivorous habits would seem to an intelligent rabbit.? (Huntington, 443) He?s telling us to think
about ethically the meaning to even the most simplest evolutionary situation. He toys with how evolution
has made humans the cream of the crop, and the top of the food chain. On the other hand, The War of the
Worlds places humans in the middle position, not a at the top. He makes the humans the predators of the
lower forms, and the superior Martians are made out to be at the top in Wells? evolutionary plans of his
story. It is the scary sense that is there to make us think about and wonder what it would be like to be
dominated by another species, the way we dominate others. Wells seems to like to tickle the mind with
ethics.
Even though I have not read a book by H.G. Wells, from what I have read from the critics, I have
come to the conclusion that Wells seems to keep a central theme of Darwinism, and societies future. The
little excerpts I have been given to read, and the critics choice parts of his stories give the examples of this
theme. Wells lived in a time when most of those things were unimaginable, for no one had heard of most
of the things he described, let alone talked about such things, at least not to the public. It was a manner of
writing which was not seen in his time, and raised questions of ethics and caused Wells to be a
controversial author. His style lead the way for what is science fiction today.