Hobbes Locke Rousseau Essay, Research Paper

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau developed theories on human

nature and how men govern themselves. With the passing of time, political views

on the philosophy of government gradually changed. Despite their differences,

Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, all became three of the most influential political

theorists in the world. Their ideas and philosophies spread all over the world

influencing the creation of many new governments. These philosophers all

recognize that people develop a social contract within their society, but have

differing views on what exactly the social contract is and how it is

established. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau each developed differing versions of

the social contract, but all agreed that certain freedoms had been surrendered

for society’s protection and that the government has definite responsibilities

to its citizens. Each philosopher agrees that before men came to govern

themselves, they all existed in a state of nature. The state of nature is the

condition men were in before political government came into existence, and what

society would be if there was no government. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau created

a revolutionary idea of the state of nature. They did not believe government

should be organized through the Church, therefore abandoning the idea of the

divine right theory, where power of the King came directly from G-d. Starting

from a clean slate, with no organized church, they needed a construct on what to

build society on. The foundation of society began with the original state of

nature. Hobbes’s perception of the original state of nature is what would

exist if there were no common power to execute and enforce the laws to restrain

individuals. In this case, the laws of the jungle would prevail where only the

fittest survive. Man’s desires are insatiable. Since resources are scarce,

humankind is naturally competitive, inevitably creating jealousy and hatred,

which eventually leads to war. This constant state of war is what Hobbes’

believes to be man’s original state of nature. According to Hobbes, man cannot

be trusted in the state of nature. Limits must be put on freedom and inalienable

rights. Hobbes lived in the 17th century, and wrote during the time of the

English Civil War. His political views were influenced by the war. Hobbes

perceived that by bringing back the monarch, there would be an end to the civil

war. On the other hand, John Locke believes the original state of nature is a

state of perfect freedom where men do whatever it is in their will and ability

to accomplish. Every man has the liberty to arrange his life in the manner he

chooses, however no man has the liberty to kill himself. Unlike Hobbes’ nature

of constant war, Locke’s state of nature is peaceful, based on the fact that

men do not want to risk their lives by constantly fighting. All men desire the

right to live and respect that everyone is after the same thing. Locke has these

views because he has more faith in people than Hobbes. Man, according to Locke,

is governed by reason in the state of nature. Locke was influenced by the

revolutionary upheaval in a different way than Hobbes. The war caused Locke to

dislike violence and extremes. Stability was the central assumption of his

thinking. Hobbes’ era started its reasoning from the assumption that man was

naturally vicious or wicked, while Locke’s era was more optimistic about

man’s nature and reasoning. The original state of nature, according to

Rousseau, is the perfect state for man, where he is free. In the original state,

man lives alone in innocence where he is virtuous. Rousseau does not agree that

man is an aggressive and greedy being in the original state of nature as Hobbes

suggests. He argues that men are truly happy in the state of nature. Only when

men become sociable, they become wicked. In Rousseau’s Social Contract, man is

depicted as a “stupid and unimaginative animal.” Man has no reason or

conscience when in contact with others. Possessions begin to be claimed, but the

inequality of skill lead to inequality of fortunes. Just the idea of claiming

possessions excites men’s passions, which provoke conflict, leading to war.

Rousseau believes men are not perfect in their original state, but have the

ability to live in a more perfect society with guidance of laws. Rousseau has

the impression that if people believe they are part of the government, they will

work, fight, and build, without complaining in the belief that what helps the

good of all people is going to be beneficial to them. Rousseau was self-educated

and based some of his theories on Hobbes and Locke. Preservation of mankind is

the law of nature established by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. In order to abide

by this law, man enters into an agreement, forming the social contract. The

social contract is a theory that view’s the foundation of morality being

founded solely on uniform social agreements that serve the best interests of

those who make the agreement. It is an agreement…

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