Great Pyramid Essay, Research Paper

The great pyramid was built during the reign of Khufu, 2nd king of the fourth

dynasty (2,720-2,560 BC). It stands on the Giza plateau nearby Cairo and is

the biggest pyramid in the world. It measures 230 m (756 ft) on each side

of its base and originally measured 147 m (482 ft) high. Beginning in the

10th century AD the entire Giza complex served as a source of building

materials for the construction of Cairo; as a result, all three pyramids

were stripped of their original smooth outer facing of limestone.

The core masonry consists of large blocks of local limestone taken from

the nearby quarries and built around and over a rocky knoll. The size of

the knoll cannot be determined, since it is completely covered by the

pyramid. The entrance to the pyramid is in the center of the northern face.

It is located in the thirteenth course of masonry from the base. This

entrance has a pointed roof formed of massive slabs of local limestone and

opens into a long steeply descending passage. From there a 36 meters long

ascending

passage leads to a 35 meters long horizontal passage that leads to the so

called ‘Queen’s chamber’. This chamber measures 5.2 by 5.7 meters and the

maximum height of its pointed roof is about 15 meters. The north and south

walls each have a small hole a few centimeters square about 1 meter from

the floor. These lead into narrow channels that originally opened on the

exterior of the pyramid. At the juncture of the ascending and horizontal

passage is an opening of a shaft which descends to a depth of 60 meters. It

opens into the lower part of the descending passage, close to the

unfinished, underground chamber, and is believed to have been an escape

shaft for the workmen who filed the

ascending passage with huge stones after the king’s funeral.

From the horizontal passage the Grand Gallery, which leads to the king’s

chamber, starts. It is 47 meters long and 8.5 meters high, and has a

corbelled roof. In the center of the floor is a sunken ramp about 60

centimeters deep. The Grand Gallery ends in a horizontal granite passage

which serves as an antechamber. It measures 8.4 meters long and 3.1 meters

high, and has slots for three portcullises. Beyond the antechamber is the

so-called ‘King’s Chamber’ which is lined, roofed and paved with red

granite. It measures 5.2 by 10.8 meters and is 5.8 meters high. Its flat

roof is formed of nine monolithic slabs of granite. The northern and

southern walls each have an ‘air channel’, one of which is open to the

outside. The Pyramid can be seen to have about two hundred level courses

of squared stones. The layers all have a different thickness ranging

between approximately 50 and 145 centimeters. The average block size is

about 1 cubic meter.

On the Khufu pyramid, all the casing elements were removed in the 14th

century. The few casing stones which do remain in the Great Pyramid all lie

in the 1.5 meter thick bottom course and cannot be representative of the

stones which would have been used in the higher parts of the construction.

The only examples of face work such as this which remain are those on the

pyramids at Meidum, Dashur andGiza.