Drug Abuse Problems Essay, Research Paper

The United States of America has been contending with adverse social and

economic effects of the drug abuse, namely of heroin, since the foundation of

this country. Our initial attempt to outlaw heroin with the Harrison Narcotic

Act of 1914 resulted in the U.S. having the worst heroin problem in the world (Tooley

540). Although the legislative actions regarding heroin hitherto produced

ominous results that rarely affected any individuals other than the addict and

his or her family, the late twentieth century brings rise to the ever-infringing

AIDS epidemic in conjunction with heroin abuse. The distribution of clean

needles to intravenous (IV) drug users is being encouraged in an attempt to

prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from sharing

"contaminated needles" (Glantz 1077). It is the contention of this

paper to advocate the establishment and support of needle exchange programs for

intravenous drug users because such programs reduce the spread of HIV and do not

cause an increase of drug use. This can be justified simply by examining the

towering evidence that undoubtedly supports needle exchange programs and the

effectiveness of their main objective to prevent the spread of the HIV.

Countries around the world have come to realize that prohibiting the

availability of clean needles will not prevent IV drug use; it will only prevent

safe IV drug use (Glantz 1078). Understanding that IV drug use is an inescapable

aspect of almost every modern society, Europeans have been taking advantage of

needle exchange programs in Amsterdam since the early 1980’s (Fuller 9).

Established in 1988, Spain’s first needle exchange program has since been joined

by 59 additional programs to advocate the use of clean injection equipment (Menoyo

410) in an attempt to slow the spread of HIV. Several needle exchange programs

sponsored by religious organizations in Australia have "reported no new HIV

infections resulting from needle sharing over the past three years" (Fuller

9). Public safety groups in the United States are rapidly beginning to accept

the effectiveness of needle exchange programs. The 113 needle exchange programs

that are currently operating throughout the United States (Bowdy 26) are a

result of this acceptance. These programs for the most part are established to

support "needle exchange" more so than "needle distribution"

(Fuller 10). Many needle exchange programs have been initiated by recovering

addicts who understand "the realities of addiction and the potential harm

of needle sharing" (Fuller 9). Perhaps addicts feel more comfortable taking

advice from some one whom has been there and knows what they are going through.

Social interaction between the addict and program is quite simple. Program

clients are asked to donate their old injection equipment in exchange for new

materials and identification cards issued by some programs, allowing the users

to carry their injection equipment anywhere (Loconte 20), reducing the need to

share needles. Volunteers keep track of old needles collected and sterile ones

given out with "a coding system that allows participants to remain

anonymous" (Green 15). Unlike some of their European counterparts, needle

exchange programs in the U.S. do not advocate the use of vending machines to

dispense hypodermic needles (Fuller 10). American programs understand the grave

importance of regular contact between the addict and caring members of society

who inform addicts about various avenues of health care and recovery during each

visit (Fuller 10). The assistant director of the Adult Clinical AIDS Program at

Boston Medical Center, Jon Fuller, feels that this intimate approach by American

programs conveys "a powerful message to addicts that their lives and

well-being are still valued by the community" despite their inability to

"break the cycle of addictive behavior" (10). Addicts who can not stay

clean or get admitted into a drug treatment program should be encouraged to take

the necessary precautions to perform safe injections and not put others at risk

as a result of their habit (Glantz 1078). From 1981 to 1997, drug related HIV

cases in the United States rose from 1 to 31 percent not including infants and

sexual partners infected by the user (Fuller 9). With contaminated needles

infecting 33 Americans with HIV daily (Fuller 11), it was only a matter of time

before an in-depth analysis of the drug related AIDS epidemic was made. More

comprehensive research in regards to the effectiveness of needle exchange

programs is necessary to provide the basis for making proper legislative

decisions. The ban currently preventing federal funds from being allocated to

support needle exchange programs in the U.S. greatly curtails the means

necessary to establish and operate an effective needle exchange program.

President Clinton initially planned to lift the ban (Bowdy 28) but, against the

advise of his health advisor and compelling scientific support for needle

exchange programs, he extended the ban forcing needle exchange programs to

operate within their already thin budgets (Schoofs 34). A bit of hypocrisy is

sensed by Joe Fuller because the Clinton Administration "refused to lift

the ban but encouraged local governments to use their own resources to fund

exchange programs" (8). The Administration claims that by supporting

something other than "zero tolerance" may give the "wrong

message" (Drucker 15). Political careers were obviously placed ahead of the

general safety of the American people (Green 15) possibly due to public opinion

surveys. The Family Research Council performed a public opinion survey in 1997 (Bowdy

28). Sixty-two percent of the 1,000 registered voters who where asked to voice

their opinion about needle exchange programs did not approve of them (Bowdy 28).

Some critics claim that needle exchange programs may increase drug use and

encourage promiscuity (Bowdy 27) while others fear contaminated needles will not

be disposed of properly creating a "public health hazard" (Bowdy 28).

These concerns are understandable but they must be properly weighed against the

benefits to society as a whole. An effective needle exchange program in Windham

Connecticut was shut down after a needle that was improperly disposed of pricked

a two-year-old girl (Connecticut 5). Researchers interviewed a number of clients

before and after the program was terminated to determine the number of

participants that secured their injection equipment from the street or

acquaintances (Connecticut 5). The number of participants using unreliable

equipment drastically increased from 14 percent while the program was still

operating, to 36 percent immediately after closing, to 51 percent in an

interview three months after closing (Connecticut 5). The status quo remained in

regards to the amount of debris after Windham’s program had been terminated

(Connecticut 6). Advocates feel that taking the remote chance of dealing with an

improperly disposed needle is worth saving countless lives for sure. The

frustration of dealing with federal and public resistance is compounded by state

laws forbidding individuals from possessing or distributing hypodermic needles

and syringes that are enforced by all but four states in the U.S. (Glantz 1078).

As a result, needle exchange programs across the country must evade prosecution

regularly. The Chai project is a group of public safety advocates based in New

Brunswick, New Jersey that distributes sterile needles and syringes, condoms,

and valuable information about diseases such as HIV despite interference from

local authorities who are required to enforce laws with which they may or may

not agree (Green 15). Diana McCague, founder of the Chai project, was arrested

after giving an undercover detective a sterile pack of hypodermic needles (Green

15). The judge hearing the case, Terrill Brenner, praised McCague’s undeniably

effective contribution to public safety but was forced by law to convict her of

illegally distributing drug paraphernalia (Green 15). McCague wonders "What

kind of society ?we live in that people are arrested for saving lives?"

(Green 15). Recently conducted studies of various needle exchange programs

returned rather encouraging results. The number of HIV infections among drug

users decreased of 5.8 percent annually in 29 cities throughout the world where

needle exchange programs where implemented as opposed to a 5.9 percent increase

in 51 cities where they were not (Bowdy 27). The National Institute of Health

claims that needle exchange programs reduce their clients’ rate of performing

dangerous injections as much as 80 percent (Fuller 11). From 1991 to 1996 New

York City’s rate of drug related HIV cases dropped from 44 to 28 percent (Schoofs

36). Organizations nationwide such as the American Medical Association, the

American Bar Association, and the American Public Health Association have begun

to openly support needle exchange programs (Fuller 11). Donna E. Shalala,

secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, was asked to

investigate the validity of needle exchange programs as a whole. She concluded,

"needle exchange programs can be an effective part of a comprehensive

strategy to reduce the incidence of HIV transmission and do not and do not

encourage the use of illegal drugs" (Bowdy 28). Needle exchange programs

encourage the participation of addicts in their program usually by giving out

more equipment than is received (Loconte 20). We can not ignore the possibility

that addicts are really motivated to participate in the programs because the

extra equipment received from the program could easily be sold to attain their

next bag of dope (Loconte 20). This will not do the addict any good but it could

possibly keep someone from being victimized to support such a habit. It should

be understood that needle exchange programs are not really concerned with the IV

drug users’ reasons behind taking advantage of the services regularly, so long

as they do just that, take advantage of the services regularly. America can no

longer ignore the ominous consequences of its drug abusers and their addiction.

HIV has infringed our society in conjunction with the relentless forces of

addiction for which there is no cure. The perilous habits of a drug addict,

especially an IV drug user, are geared toward getting high (Loconte 15), not

personal health and public safety. However, habitual behavior is not

inalterable. It can be swayed by a little incitement from the brighter, more

intelligent members of society; incitement to support and make regular use of

local needle exchange programs. Although American society may not understand the

driving force behind heroin addiction, we all must understand that it"will

always be with us ?[so] we had better learn how to live with [its] ?in a way

that minimizes [its] ?adverse health and social consequences" (Drucker

15)