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Untitled Essay, Research Paper
GREAT EXPECTATIONS vs. OLIVER TWIST During his lifetime, Charles Dickens
is known to have written several books. Although each book is different,
they also share many similarities. Two of his books, Great Expectations and
Oliver Twist, are representatives of the many kinds of differences and
similarities found within his work. Perhaps the reason why these two
novels share some of the same qualities is because they both reflect painful
experiences which occurred in Dickens’ past. During his childhood, Charles
Dickens suffered much abuse from his parents.1 This abuse is often expressed
in his novels. Pip, in Great Expectations, talked often about the abuse he
received at the hands of his sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery. On one occasion he
remarked, “I soon found myself getting heavily bumped from behind in the
nape of the neck and the small of the back, and having my face ignominously
shoved against the wall, because I did not answer those questions at sufficient
length.”2 While at the orphanage, Oliver from Oliver Twist also
experienced a great amount of abuse. For example, while suffering from starvation
and malnutrition for a long period of time, Oliver was chosen by the other
boys at the orphanage to request more gruel at dinner one night. After making
this simple request, “the master (at the orphanage) aimed a blow at Oliver’s
head with the ladle; pinioned him in his arms; and shrieked aloud for the
beadle.”3 The whole beginning of Oliver Twist’s story was created
from memories which related to Charles Dickens’ childhood in a blacking factory
( which was overshadowed by the Marshalsea Prison ).4 While working in the
blacking factory, Dickens suffered tremendous humiliation. This humiliation
is greatly expressed through Oliver’s adventures at the orphanage before
he is sent away. Throughout his lifetime, Dickens appeared to have
acquired a fondness for “the bleak, the sordid, and the austere.”5 Most of
Oliver Twist, for example, takes place in London’s lowest slums.6 The city
is described as a maze which involves a “mystery of darkness, anonymity,
and peril.”7 Many of the settings, such as the pickpocket’s hideout, the
surrounding streets, and the bars, are also described as dark, gloomy, and
bland.8 Meanwhile, in Great Expectations, Miss Havisham’s house is often
made to sound depressing, old, and lonely. Many of the objects within the
house had not been touched or moved in many years. Cobwebs were clearly visible
as well as an abundance of dust, and even the wedding dress which Miss Havisham
constantly wore had turned yellow with age.9 However, similarities
are not just found in the settings. The novels’ two main characters, Pip
and Oliver, are also similar in many ways. Both young boys were orphaned
practically from birth; but where Pip is sent to live with and be abused
by his sister, Oliver is sent to live in an orphanage. Pip is a very curious
young boy. He is a “child of intense and yearning fancy.”10 Yet, Oliver is
well spoken. Even while his life was in danger while in the hands of Fagin
and Bill Sikes, two conniving pickpockets, he refused to participate in the
stealing which he so greatly opposed. All Oliver really longed for was to
escape from harsh living conditions and evil surroundings which he had grown
up in.11 However, no matter how tempting the evil may have been, Oliver stood
by his beliefs. Therefore, he can be referred to as “ideal and incorruptible
innocence.”12 “It is Oliver’s self-generated and self-sustained love, conferred
it would seem from Heaven alone, that preserves him from disaster and death.”13
Unfortunately, many critics have found it hard to believe that a boy
such as Oliver Twist could remain so innocent, pure, and well spoken given
the long period of time in which he was surrounded by evil and injustices.14
Pip, on the other hand, is a dreamer. His imagination is always helping
him to create situations to cover up for his hard times. For example, when
questioned about his first visit to Miss Havisham’s house, he made up along
elaborate story to make up for the terrible time he had in reality. Instead
of telling how he played cards all day while being ridiculed and criticized
by Estella and Miss Havisham, he claimed that they played with flags and
swords all day after having wine and cake on gold plates.15 However, one
special quality possessed by Pip that is rarely seen in a novel’s hero is
that he wrongs others instead of being hurt himself all of the time.16
Another similarity between Oliver and Pip is that they both have had interactions
with convicts. Fagin the head of a group of young thieves, spends most of
his time trying to “demoralize and corrupt Oliver and prevent him from ever
coming into his inheritance.”17 To Oliver, he is seen as an escape from all
previous misery. He also helps Oliver to ease any fears about starvation
and loneliness.18 Just as Fagin is Oliver’s means of escape, Magwitch,
an escaped convict, is Pip’s. However, as Fagin provides Oliver with an escape
from misery, Magwitch tries to provide Pip with an escape from poverty by
becoming his anonymous benefactor. Obviously, escape is an important
theme in both Oliver Twist and Great Expectations. Even though they both
have different goals in mind, Pip and Oliver are seeking various forms of
escape from conditions which make them unhappy: Pip from his poverty, and
Oliver from his loneliness and starvation. Since dealing with escapism,
it is not surprising that death also plays a major role in both stories.
In the two novels, death and coffins symbolize a happy and peaceful manner
of escape.19 In Oliver Twist, it is suggested that only loneliness and brutality
exist on earth. Supposedly, there is no sanctity on the planet, which is
a belief that goes against the idea of a Heaven on earth.20 Another
important theme within the novel is the theme of the “two separate and
conflicting dualisms: one, social, between the individual and the institution;
the second, moral, between the respectable and the criminal.”21 Most of Oliver
Twist seems to imply that “it is better to be a thief than to be alone.”22
This tends to make the reader think that Dickens favors the criminal aspect
of his novels over the moral side. However, the conflict between the
individual and the institution leads to Dickens’ criticism of social injustices
such as injustices towards the poor.23 Also in the form of satire, Dickens
attempts to “challenge the pleasurability of fortune.”24 Aside from
satire, Dickens uses various other devices in writing these novels. one of
the most common is that of coincidence. For example, in Oliver Twist, Oliver
just happened to end up, first, at the house of Mr. Brownlow, who at one
time was a really good friend of Oliver’s father. Then, later on, Oliver
ends up at Rose Maylie’s house, who, as it turns out is his aunt.
In Great Expectations, the use of coincidence is also noticeable. For instance,
Pip finds out that Magwitch and Molly, Mr. Jagger’s servant, are the parents
of Estella long after he first met them. Then, later on, Pip just happens
to be visiting Satis House (Miss Havisham’s old home) at the same time as
Estella. “Written in abrupt, truncated chapters,” Oliver Twist took
the form of a new type of English prose.25 Both Oliver Twist and Great
Expectations depend heavily on the use of abstraction, or the avoidance of
various facts. However, the novels each have their own form of narration.
While Oliver Twist is written in the third person, Great Expectations is
in the first person. Therefore, in Oliver Twist, the reader gains
a view of the story from the position of an onlooker or outsider. They form
their own opinions about the characters from “watching them.” In contrast,
when reading Great Expectations, the view is given through the character
of Pip. So, since we only know about Pip’s feelings and what he tells us,
our opinions of the other characters are highly influenced by what he thinks
of them. In conclusion, both books seem to have much in common such
as feelings shared by the main characters, themes dealing primarily in social
injustices, and various writing techniques such as the use of coincidental
incidences and abstractions. However, they also differ greatly from
one another. For example, Pip searches for money while Oliver searches for
security, and while Pip was raised in a home environment, Oliver was raised
in an orphanage. Yet, both books have a lot to offer society in terms
of pointing out many problems which still exist today, such as child abuse
and injustice to the poor. In order to conquer these evils, they must first
be understood, and explaining the severity of these experiences seems to
be a job which Charles Dickens is very good at. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carey, John. Here Comes Dickens – The Imagination of
a Novelist. New York: Schocken Books, 1974. Dickens, Charles. Great
Expectations. New York: The Heritage Club, 1939. Dickens, Charles.
Oliver Twist. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1949. Johnson, Edgar.
Charles Dickens – His Tragedy and Triumph. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1952. Kincaid, James R. Dickens and the Rhetoric of Laughter. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1971. Marcus, Steven. Dickens: From Pickwick
to Dombey. Great Britain: Basic Books, 1965. Slater, Michael, ed.
Dickens 1970. New York: Stein and Day Publishers, 1970. Slater, Michael.
Dickens and Women. California: Stanford University Press, 1983. Stewart,
Garrett. Dickens and the Trials of Imagination. Massachusettes: Harvard
University Press, 1974. Welsh, Alexander. The City of Dickens. Oxford:
Claredon Press, 1971. Wilkie, Katherine E. Charles Dickens, The Inimitable
Boz. New York: Abelard – Schuman, 1970. FOOTNOTES
1 Steven Marcus, Dickens: From Pickwick to Dombey (Great Britain:
Basic Books, 1965) 82. 2 Charles Dickens, Great Expectations (New York: The
Heritage Club, 1939) 69. 3 Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist (New York: Dodd,
Mead, and Company, 1949) 16-17. 4 Katharine E. Wilkie, Charles Dickens, The
Inimitable Boz (New York: Abelard – Schuman, 1970) 77-78. 5 Marcus 71. 6
Wilkie 77. 7 Marcus 256. 8 Edgar Johnson, Charles Dickens – His Tragedy and
Triumph (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1952) 273. 9 Dickens, Expectations
62. 10 Garrett Stewart, Dickens and the Trials of Imagination (Massachusettes:
Harvard University Press, 1974) 187. 11 Marcus 74. 12 Marcus 80. 13 Marcus
83. 14 John Carey, Here Comes Dickens – The Imagination of a Novelist (New
York: Schocken Books, 1974) 149. 15 Dickens, Expectations 71-72. 16 Alexander
Welsh, The City of Dickens (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1971) 107-108. 17 Marcus
75. 18 James R. Kincaid, Dickens and the Rhetoric of Laughter (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1971) 72. 19 Kincaid 51. 20 Kincaid 51. 21 Kincaid 53.
22 Kincaid 72. 23 Wilkie 78. 24 Welsh 82. 25 Marcus 55.