Untitled Essay, Research Paper

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is of interest to the National Institute on Drug Abuse

both because of

the public health problems associated with this form of substance abuse and

because this

behavior represents a prototypic dependence process. In the past few years

the

government has made every effort to reach the masses, in an attempt to curb

the

exploitation of tobbacco use, and its acceptance among Americas Youngsters.

However,

cigarette smoking among adolescents is on the rise.

The premise that the behavior of adolescents is influenced by the behavior

of their

parents is central to many considerations of health and social behavior (Ausubel,

Montemayor, & Svajiian, 1977; Bandura & Walters, 1963). Many young

people between

10-18 years of age experiment with smoking, smoking is a personal choice,

and usually

exploratory in nature. Typically, it takes place in rather young people and

is largely

dependent on: first, the availability of opportunity to engage in the behavior,

second,

having a fairly high degree of curiosity about the effects of the behavior;

third, in finding

it a way of expressing either conformity to the behavior or others (such

as parents, older

siblings or peers), forth, as in “Miller and Dollar’s” explanation of

Observational

Learning, The Copying behavior effect.

This research is to examine the effects of parental smoking (behavior), has,

on the

decision of teens to smoke cigarettes. Due to prior studies using global

measures that

may or may not include South Eastern North Carolina. The Fayetteville/Fort

Bragg area

was chosen for this study to pinpoint the effects in this particular locale.

Fort Bragg and

Pope Air Force Base have a very diverse socieo-economic and culturally diverse

population, which will have a positive effect on randomness of sample selection.

With

this association in mind, this researcher is interested in knowing if there

is a relationship

of Parental influence on Teen Smoking within this Military Community.

Introduction

The prevalence of cigarette smoking among young teenagers

is a growing

problem in the United States, many young people between the ages of 10-18

are

experimenting with tobacco. During the 1040’s and 50’s smoking was popular

and

socially acceptable. Movie stars, sports heroes, and celebrities appeared

in cigarette

advertisements that promoted and heavily influenced teens. Influence also

came from

Television and other media sources. The desires to be accepted and to feel

grown up are

among the most common reasons to start smoking. Yet, even though teenagers

sometimes smoke to gain independence, and to be part of the crowd parental

influence

plays the strongest role as to whether or their children will smoke, Journal

of American

Medical Association (JAMA), 1991. Children are exposed to and influenced

by the

parents, siblings, and the media long before peer pressure will become a

factor. Mothers

should not smoke during pregnancy, nicotine, which crosses the placental

barrier, may

affect the female fetus during an important period of development so as to

predispose the

brain to the addictive influence of nicotine. Prenatal exposure to smoking

has previously

been linked with impairments in memory, learning, cognition, and perception

in the

growing child. (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 1995) Subsequent follow-up

after 12

years suggest that regardless of the amount or duration of current or past

maternal

smoking, the strongest correlation between maternal smoking and a daughter’s

smoking

occurred when the mother smoked during pregnancy. NIDA also reported that

of 192

mothers and their first born adolescents with a mean age of 12 1/2, the analysis

revealed

that 26.6% of the girls whose mother smoked while pregnant had smoked in

the past

year.

The 1991 smoking prevalence estimate of 25.7% is virtually no different from

the

previous year’s estimate of 25.5%. If current trends persist, we will not

meet one of the

nation’s health objectives, particularly a smoking prevalence of no more

than 15% by the

year 2000. When comparing the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs,

only

cigarette use did not decline substantially among high school senior among

1981 to 1991.

In contrast studies performed by “household survey” by the NIDA and the CDC,

(Centers

for Disease Control) in 1991 and 92 respectively, suggested that the strongest

influence

on teenage smoking is parents. Research also revealed that approximately

three fourths

of adult regular smokers smoke their first cigarette before the age of 18.

This data was

acquired while trying to determine the brand preferences of young smokers

to determine

what encouraged them to smoke and to suggest smoking prevention or smoking

cessation

strategies, the studies found that in over 80% of the households surveyed,

one or both

parents smoked. Many teenagers begin smoking to feel grow-up. However, if

they are

still smoking when they reach 30, the reason is no longer to feel like an

adult; at this

point, they are smoking from habit. Goodwin, D. W., Guze, S. B. (1984).

Young children who see older children or family members smoking cigarettes

are going

to equate smoking with being grown up. Patterns of both drinking and smoking,

which

are closely associated, are strongly influenced by the lifestyles of family

members peers

and by the environments in which they live. Minimal, moderate, and heavy

levels of

drinking, smoking, and drug use, among family members are strongly associated

with

very similar patterns of use among adolescents. Bentler, P., Newcoomb, M.,

(1989).

Parents who smoke and wish they didn’t should concentrate on their own efforts

to stop

and hope that their offspring get the message.

Another good view of smoking among young people can be obtained from the

federal

government’s Annual National Survey of drug use among seniors, and now other

high

school students. Reports of cigarette use in the past years have declined

since the peak of

almost 40% in 1975. The 30% mark was crossed in 1981, with a very gradual

further

decline to 25.7% in 1991 and increased to 27.8% in 1992, Johnston, O’Malley,

(1993).

According to cognitive social learning theory, boys and girls learn appropriate

behavior

through reinforcement and modeling. To date, numerous studies have examined

parental

influence on teenage smoking and has yielded equivocal results Due to the

implications

of cigarette smoking behavior for the public health and the view that smoking

is the

prototypical dependence process. Research taken from the TAPS (Teen-age Attitudes

and practices Survey) 1992, reported that if parents smoke, their children

are more likely

to smoke. In regions of the United States that was surveyed, it was documented

that

9135 of 11609 (79%), of the respondents to the survey of teenage smokers

lived in

households where one or both parents/guardians smoked tobacco. This information

was

taken from household samples of adolescents ages 12-18 done by a computer

Assisted

Telephone interviewing system (CAT). The goal of this research is to focus

upon the

systematic compilation of data collected in this survey/correlation study

and serve as a

basis for designing feasible and effective treatment strategies as well as

enhance our

understanding of dependence associated with cigarette smoking and substance

abuse.

Method

Design

Questions will be of nominal and rating format (attached), Non respondents

will not be

included in the study. The questions (10), will be on a 8 1/2x 11 sheet of

paper. The

questions will be divided into three categories, (health history of parents

present smoking

habits, and general. The Dependent variable used in this study is adolescent

smoking

behavior.

Subjects

A total of 500 teens male and female 14-18 years old, randomly selected from

various

areas around the Fort Bragg, Pope Air Force Base, and Fayetteville area.

$2 will be given

in exchange for participation.

Materials

Questionnaires will be given to individuals upon their approval to participate

in the

study, a number two pencil will be used to write with.

Procedure

Participants will be chosen at random from either the Post Exchange and the

movie

theaters of the Fort Bragg area. Participation will be voluntary after an

explanation of the

study. Since this research involve minors, each participants will sign a

release form.

Each respondent will be allotted 15 minutes to complete the questionnaire,

and not to

discuss the contents with other participants. However participants, will

be told that they

can discuss this issue with parents/guardians. A phone number of the researcher

will be

given to each respondent in case of any afterthoughts. Non respondents will

not be

included in the study. The questions (10), will be on a 8 1/2x 11 sheet of

paper and

consist of both, true/false, and nominal data, yes/no. The questions will

be divided into

three categories, (health history of parents present smoking habits, and

general. chi-

square and t-distribution statistics will be used to identify significant

differences between

sub samples.References

Bauman, K. E., Foshee, V. A., Linzer, M. A., Koch, G.

G. (1990). Effect of

parental smoking classification on the association between parental and

adolescent

smoking. Addictive-behaviors, 15,(5), 413-422.

Horevitz, M. J., (1985). Disasters and psychological responses

to stress.

Psychiatric Annals, 15, 161-167.

Hu, F. B. Flak, B. R., Hedeker, D. (1995). The inlfence

of friends and

parental smoking on adolescent smoking behavior. Journal of Applied Social

Psychology, v4 (3), 215-225.

Jessor, R. (1993). Successful adolescent development among

high-risk settings,

American Psychologist, 48, 117-126.

Johnston, L., O’Malley, P., Bachman, J. (1988). Drug use

among American high

school students, College students and other young adults. National trends

through 1991.

National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Research Monograph Series, (1979). Cigarette Smoking as

a dependence

Process. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 23

318