Panama Canal Essay, Research Paper

In

1825, a group of American businesspeople announced the formation of a canal

building company, with interests in constructing a canal system across the

Isthmus. This project was to take place in an area now called Panama. The

endeavor was filled with controversy. Though the canal itself was not built

until the early 1900’s every step toward the building and ownership, was

saturated with difficulty. Walter LaFeber illustrates the dilemmas in a

historical analysis. In his work he states five questions that address the

significance of the Panama Canal to United States. This paper will discuss the

historical perspective of the book’s author, address pertinent three questions

and give a critique of LaFeber’s work, The Panama Canal. For proper historical

analysis one must understand the importance of the Canal. The Panama Canal and

the Canal Zone (the immediate area surrounding the Canal) are important areas

used for trade. Even before the canal was built there were to large ports on

both sides of the Isthmus. Large amounts of cargo passed through the Isthmus by

a railroad that connected the two ports. The most important cargo was the gold

mined in California before the transcontinental railroad was completed in the

United States. It has strategic significance because of its location, acting as

a gateway connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This allows for rapid

naval deployment between fleets in either ocean. These two facets make the

Panama Canal very important in the region. LaFeber notes that Panamanian

nationalism played a large role in the creation of the canal and, consequently,

the cause for the area’s constant instability. The first expression occurred in

the late 1800’s with Panamanian struggle for independence from Columbia. The

United States eager to build the canal, and control its operation, used and

backed Panamanian nationalist. During the Roosevelt administration, not only did

the United States manipulate factors isolating Panama from other world powers

through the Monroe Doctrine; but it committed troops aiding the revolutionaries

against another sovereign state. The reason this is a surprise is because the

Roosevelt administration normally held a position favoring stability. The United

States had no legal right to use force against Columbia. Nationalism came back

to haunt the United States. With the treaty signed and a 99-year lease given to

the United States, the Canal was built. Since then, the United States has varied

on its stance of ownership and the principles of sovereignty concerning the

Canal. The ever persistent debate of who owns the Canal and who should have

sovereign control over it, has not been solved. The United States has

occasionally attempted to "claim" the Canal zone through various

methods such as military occupation, exclusion of Panamanians for important jobs

in Canal operations and even through the customary aspect of international law.

However, each time the Panamanians have managed to maintain claim to the Canal

despite the United State’s imperialistic posturing to get it. The most recent

and notorious of the United States’ attempts to annex the Canal Zone was during

the Reagan administration. President Reagan said that the Canal Zone could be

equated as a sovereign territory equal to that of Alaska. The question here is,

was he correct? LaFeber points out that, "the United States does not own

the Zone or enjoy all sovereign rights in it." He uses the treaty of 1936

in Article III that states, "The Canal Zone is the territory of the

Republic of Panama under the jurisdiction of the United States." The entire

topic was summed up neatly by Ellsworth Bunker, a negotiator in the region, when

he said, "We bought Louisiana; we bought Alaska. In Panama we bought not

territory, but rights." A second important question, is the Canal a vital

interest to the United States? LaFeber gives three points suggesting that it is

not. First, the importance of the Canal decreased after 1974, because of the end

of the Vietnam War and all related military traffic ceased. Second, is the age

of the antique machinery dating back to 1914. Inevitably the machinery will need

to be replaced. Lastly, the size of the new tankers and cargo ships. The

capacity of the canal is too small to handle such a large amount of tonnage.

These are viable factors; however, the first argument is concerning whether a

war is taking place. It is circumstantial in providing a solid reason for

increased traffic through the Zone. This can easily change through and emergence

of a new conflict or trading habits of other countries. Thirdly, why have the

Panamanians insisted on assuming total control of the Canal. The Panamanians are

making millions of dollars annually and the United States run the Canal

efficiently. LaFeber points in the direction of economics as the principal

factor and nationalism as secondary. The Panamanians fear the amount of reliance

they have on U.S. investments. The fear is enhanced by the large dependence of

their national economy on MNC’s, American banks and mining companies. LaFeber

continues saying that Panamanians find it difficult to cross the Zone because of

check points and resent their country being split in half. Continuing he asserts

that perhaps if the Panamanians were to have complete control the Zone the

amount of revenue would increase. Panamanians could also develop spinoff

industries such as drydocks and ship building creating an increase in profits.

Walter LaFeber develops a persuasive argument for the interpretation of

historical events surrounding the creation of the Panama Canal. As is consistent

with other LaFeber’s works, his research and fact finding technique in The

Panama Canal is complete if not exhaustive. He presents an objective outlook on

issues surrounding the Canal. He uses a historical approach in presenting his

contribution to a subject that is lacking in information and scholarly

examination. In conclusion, this paper has addressed the historical perspective

that the author of the book used. A discussion also included three important

questions concerning the Canal, its importance and the relationship between the

United States and Panama. Furthermore, this paper examines the effectiveness and

usefulness of LaFeber’s, The Panama Canal.