Locke And Mill Essay, Research Paper

John Locke believes that man ought to have more freedom in political society than John

Stuart Mill does. John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Government and John Stuart Mill’s

On Liberty are influential and potent literary works which while outlining the conceptual

framework of each thinkers ideal state present two divergent visions of the very nature of

man and his freedom. John Locke and John Stuart Mill have different views regarding how

much freedom man ought to have in political society because they have different views

regarding man’s basic potential for inherently good or evil behavior, as well as the ends or

purpose of political societies.

In order to examine how each thinker views man and the freedom he ought to have in

political society it is necessary to define freedom or liberty from each philosophers

perspective.

In The Second Treatise of Government, John Locke states his belief that all men exist in “a

state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and person

as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave or depending

upon the will of any other man. ” (Locke 4) Locke believes that man exists in a state of

nature and thus exists in a state of uncontrollable liberty which has only the law of nature

to restrict it, which is reason. (Locke 5) However Locke does state that man does not have

the license to destroy himself or any other creature in his possession unless a legitimate

purpose requires it. Locke emphasizes the ability and opportunity to own and profit from

property as being necessary to be free.

In On Liberty John Stuart Mill defines liberty in relation to three spheres; each successive

sphere progressively encompasses and defines more elements relating to political society.

The first sphere consists of the individuals “inward domain of consciousness; demanding

liberty of conscious in the most comprehensive sense; liberty of thought and feeling;

absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects, practical or speculative,

scientific, moral, or theological.” (Mill 13) The second sphere of Mill’s definition

encompasses the general freedoms which allow an individual to freely peruse a “…life to

suit our own character; of doing as we like…” (Mill 13). Mill also states that these

freedoms must not be interfered with by “fellow creatures, so long as what we do does

not harm them…” (Mill 13), no matter how odd, offensive and or immoral they may seem

to others. The final sphere of Mill’s definition of liberty is a combination of the first two. He

states that “…the freedom to unite, for any purpose not involving harm to others: the

persons combining being supposed to be of full age, and not forced and or deceived.” (Mill

14)

Locke and Mill’s definitions of freedom must be qualified. Since the definitions they present

in their respective literature are distinct from one another, when each philosopher refers

to freedom or liberty they are not citing the same concept. This distinction is necessary

when comparing their positions regarding the amount of freedom man should have in a

political society. What one philosopher considers an overt an perverse abuse of liberty the

other may consider the action completely legitimate and justifiable.

John Locke believes that men should be virtually unrestricted and free in political society.

Locke’s rational for this liberal position lies in the twin foundation of man’s naturally good

inclinations and the specific and limited ends Locke believes political societies ought to

have. According to Locke the only freedoms men should lose when entering into a political

society are “equality, liberty and executive power they has in the state of nature into the

hands of society.” (Locke 73) In Locke’s ideal society this fails to limit or remove any

freedom from the individual, it only removes the responsibility of protecting these

freedoms from the individual and places it on the state.

John Stuart Mill believes that man’s should be strictly limited in political society. Mill differs

from Locke in the basic principle that individual who enjoy the benefits of living in political

societies owe a return for the protection society offers. Mill believes for society to function

properly conduct of societies members should “not injuring the interests of one another; or

rather certain interests; which either by express legal provision, or by tacit understanding,

ought to be considered rights” (Mill 70) Mill furthers this statement by proclaiming that

society may go even further. “As soon as any part of a person’s conduct affects prejudicial

the interests of others, society has jurisdiction over it, and the general question whether

the general welfare will or will not be promoted by interfering in it, becomes open to

discussion.” (Mill 70) This declaration virtually allows the state the authority to intervene in

every instance of human interaction and have total power to alter the exchange as it sees

fit. If this function of the state is considered supreme or is allowed jurisdiction over even

the first sphere of freedoms any further discussion of liberty is ineffective and redundant.

Mill clearly seeks to limit the freedom of men and guaranteeing some measure of residual

power to exercised by the state at will.

Having examined the level or amount of freedom Locke and Mill advocate for man in

political society a closer examination of the rational or reasoning which Locke and Mill used

to develop their position will clarify the issue further. How Locke and Mill viewed man and

his natural inclination toward good or evil was a crucial and fundamental in the formation

of their views regarding political society in general and how much freedom man should

have in it. The importance of this issue lies in the ability of Locke and Mill to legitimize their

conclusion about society based on the necessity of accommodating the natural inclinations

of man. Tyranny can easily be justified under the guise of protecting the weak from the

natural predatory tendencies of stronger men.

John Locke is clear and adamant in his declaration that man is naturally inclined toward

good. Locke belief in the value of man and his ability to act independently in compliance

with natural law contributed more to his views regarding freedom than did his positions

regarding the function of the state. Several positions which Locke holds to be true

regarding man warrant this conclusion. First is Locke’s definition of the state of nature as

“men living together according to reason, without a common superior on earth with

authority to judge between them, is properly the state of nature.” (Locke 19)

Secondly Locke’s contention that in the state of nature that man has the right to punish

“the crime for restraint and preventing the like offense, which right of punishing is in

everybody; the other of taking reparation, which belongs only to the injured party…”

(Locke 8) Locke does not halt the rights of men to punish transgressions against them, this

right of all men in a state of nature even if it entails the “power to kill a murderer, both to

deter others from doing he like injury, which no reparation can compensate…” (Locke 8)

However Locke does recognize that the right of punishing of transgressions against oneself

has great potential and temptation for abuse and corruption this is why Locke contends

that “God has certainly appointed government to restrain the partiality and violence of

men.” (Locke 9) Locke’s definite optimism concerning the nature of man is clearly

transferred to his opinion regarding man’s freedom in political society.

John Stuart Mill does not have the same optimistic view of the nature of man which Locke

holds. However he clearly has more faith in humans than the portrait Thomas Hobbes

presents of man in Leviathan. A case can be made for Mill’s negative view of humans

because of his utilitarian themes throughout On Liberty which implies that if left to their

own devices man will peruse his own interests even at the costs of his fellow man. Mill

does not make a clear declaration exalting or condemning the nature of man.

However, Mill does make clearly negative statements about the nature of man. “There has

been a time when the element of spontaneity and individuality was in excess, and the

social principle had a hard struggle with it.” (Mill 57) Mill’s insinuation that the free and

unrestricted actions of men can cause conflict is to be expected nonetheless it disguises

Mill’s true position on man’s nature. It is the subtly inference that the use of spontaneity

and individuality as a method of ordering one’s actions somehow runs contrary to the

social principle, which shows a clear mistrust of man’s unrestricted and uninhibited side.

Another crucial factor which undoubtedly influenced the amount of freedom Mill an Locke

believed man ought to have in political society was their view regarding the purpose of the

state. Mill and Locke held completely opposite views regarding who should benefit from

the existence of the state the individual or the community.

According to Locke men are driven to congregate and form societies for “necessity,

connivance and inclination…” (Locke 44) Locke believes that the purpose or end of the

state is provide the necessities and convinces which drove men to form communities. The

state for all intents and purposes is designed to serve the individual and provide a free and

unrestricted environment in which man who is naturally free may prosper and own

property.

The constant threat of interference by other men in a man’s freedom and enjoyment of his

property has driven men to seek the safety of a community which exists “for the mutual

preservation of their lives, liberties, and estates which I call by the general name

“property”.” (Locke 71) Locke cites three specific reasons for the formation of political

society. “First, there wants an established, settled, known law, received and allowed by

common consent to be standard….Secondly, in the state nature there wants a known and

indifferent judge with authority to determine all differences according to the established

law…Thirdly, in the state of nature there often wants power to back and support the

sentence when right, and to give it due execution.” (Locke 71) Other necessities and

conveniences which Locke refers to are specifically and clearly defined to prevent any

interpretation and or expansion of the power of the state.

According to Mill the purpose of the state is to facilitate a beneficial two way relationship

between individual and the community. The ends of the state are definitely not devoted to

the promotion of the individuals freedom as they are in Locke’s writings. Mill contends the

collective interests of the community render greater reward than the promotion of

individual interests.

John Locke and John Stuart Mill are two philosophers who have left an indelible mark on

the concept of freedom in political societies. John Locke favours greater freedom for man

in political society than does John Stuart Mill does. Their beliefs regarding the nature of

man and the purpose of the state are bound to their respective views regarding freedom

because one position perpetuates and demands a conclusion regarding another.

Locke system for dealing with man freedom and all other related matters severely limits

the role of state to strictly guaranteeing individual freedom. This is the best method of

preventing the perversion and abuse of the role and power of the state. Locke views

simply stem from his faith in man and his potential to succeed independently, which

collectively promotes the prosperity of the state.

Mill does not implicitly trust or distrust man and therefore does not explicitly limit freedom,

in fact he does define freedom in very liberal terms, however he does leave the potential

for unlimited intervention into the personal freedoms of the individual by the state. This

nullifies any freedoms or rights individuals are said to have because they subject to the

whims and fancy of the state.

Bibliography

Mill, On liberty\

Locke, Second treatise on Gov’t

Cambridge companion to locke

” ” to mill