Whigs V. Federalists Essay, Research Paper

Although historically represented as distinct parties, the Federalists and the

Whigs in fact shared a common political ideology, represented many of the

same interest groups and proposed similar programs and policies. Assess

this.

Although the Whig party surfaced forty years after the Federalist party had died out, the two

separate parties held many of the same ideals, and catered to many of the same constituents, causing these

two parties to be more similar in history than different.

The Federalist party was established originally to support the creation of a strong national

government, after the Articles of Confederation were created in 1781. This party was led by Alexander

Hamilton, whom being a well-educated and wealthy man himself, was followed in part by men of the same

standards and social class.

One of the main ideas of the Federalist party was that of a ?loose interpretation? of the

constitution.(Garraty) This loose interpretation was used in determining the meaning of the elastic clause

placed in the constitution. The federalist believed that because it would take hundreds of years to write

down everything the U.S. government could do, the elastic clause was created. This clause allowed for the

creation and addition of all things ?necessary and proper? as needed by the national government. The

federalists used this clause in the case of the National Bank. The opposing side, the Anti-Federalists led by

Thomas Jefferson, believed that the bank was unconstitutional, because it was not specified in the

constitution. The Federalists on the other hand deemed the bank to be ?necessary and proper? to the

government in order for it to run smoothly. The Federalists won out in the end and a national bank was

created. Hamilton?s financial system settled the problems caused by the revolutionary war, and the

discrepancies between states and national governments rights when it came to taxation.

The Federalists were largely wealthy, aristocratic men, originating from the New England area,

especially New York.(Encarta) The first two presidents of the United States belonged to the Federalist

party. George Washington was the epitome of a federalist. Throughout his presidency, he tried to limit the

power of the executive branch of government. Washington was careful not to overuse the veto, and used it

only twice in eight years.(Garraty) Upon the beginning of the French Revolution, a statement of neutrality

was issued, and this became a point in the Federalist platform. Interference in other countries problems

would become prohibited.

The Federalists also elected John Adams as president in 1796. He was to be the last Federalist

president, and when he ended his term in 1801, so ended the reign of the Federalists in American politics.

Although the Federalist were around until around the 1820?s, they disappeared soon afterwards, and never

regained the strength they once had over the politics of the United States.

Enter the Whig party of the 1840?s. The party was formed about 1834 by members of the National

Republican Party which was steadily falling apart, and others opposed to the ?tyrannical? policies of

President Andrew Jackson. (Encarta) It was composed of many different factions united in their opposition

to the Democratic party and the Jacksonians.

Because of the anti-intellectual and antiscientific bias of Jackson?s administration, many of the

well-educated people entered the Whig party(Garraty) as was similar to the intellect of the Federalist Party.

One difference between the Whigs and the Federalist however, was that the Whigs were more in support of

the ?common man? than their counterparts had ever been. Anyone who understood banking joined the

Whigs, especially after the terrible banking problems experienced during Jackson?s administration. Those

with ideas similar to Hamilton, who rejected the administration?s refusal to approach economic problems

from a broadly national perspective, also joined in large numbers. (Garraty) The Whig party was led by

former National-Republicans Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. They led their party in the fight against

Jacksonian tyranny, claiming that Jackson overused the right of the presidential veto, and that Jackson?s

administration was more like the monarchy of England than the supposed democracy of the United States.

The platform of the Whigs bared remarkable similarities to that of the old Federalist party. The

Whigs supported a more active national government, that would check the ?excesses of unrestricted

individualism.? (Garraty) The Whigs were also very opinionated about the issue of the National Bank. They

agreed with Hamilton in saying that it was ?necessary and proper? in running the government and the

economy smoothly. The Independent Treasury Act of 1840 was repealed by congress, but when the Whig

party tried to Pass a new Bank bill, it was vetoed by Tyler.(Garraty) The Whigs also passed a tariff bill in

congress, but President Tyler would sign it only after the Distribution Act was repealed, which was formed

to distribute the proceeds from land sales to the states as compensation for raising the tariffs. The raising of

these tariffs in the Tariff Act of 1842, was much like the Federalist?s raising of taxes in 1795.

The Whig party nominated three unsuccessful candidates for president in the election of 1836. In

1840, however, William Henry Harrison and vice president John Tyler were nominated and elected. The

Whigs triumphed over this victory, but soon after Harrison died, and Tyler became president. Tyler was

abandoned by the Whig party, not only for his veto of the reissued Bank bill, but also by opposing to

redistribution of the proceeds from the sale of public lands. (Encarta) Another Whig president was elected

in 1848, Zachary Taylor, but this was to be the last Whig president, and the beginning of the Whig downfall.

The Whig and Federalist parties were separated by a forty year space in history, but the same ideas

seemed to resurface during the reign of the Whigs in the 1840?s as were found in the Federalist platform of

the 1790?s, causing these parties to be remarkably similar.