Breaching Int’l Markets Essay, Research Paper

Measuring a potential business venture has many aspects which the international manager must be aware of in order to convey the correct

information back to the decision makers. Being ignorant to any of the aspects can lead to a false representation of the project, and hence

an uninformed decision being passed. In order for a business to survive it must grow. For growth to be optimal, management must first

be able to identify the most attractive prospective leads. The country as a whole, specifically geography, government, and financial aspects

must be looked at in order to yield the best possible picture of the market a company wishes to enter. Concentration should be placed on

gathering reliable facts that are backed up by more than one source. It is to be hoped that after creating “a picture” of the market,

management’s analysis of the potential business venture and plan of action will be structured as to avoid losses and to find the most

profitable scenarios.

The success of the multinational corporation lies on the shoulders of it’s management. International management and organization-design

expert Henry Mintzenberg says every CEO has three essential duties: direct supervision, development of the organization’s strategy, and

management of the organization’s boundary conditions. Top management’s responsibility at and beyond the organization’s boundaries is

largely a communication responsibility; however, no commonly accepted model exists for decision, execution, and assessment of

communication opportunities. Within even some of the largest and most venerable organizations, the process used is haphazard and

inconsistent. The Wyatt Company’s survey of communications professionals showed that just 58.1 percent agreed that their organization’s

communication objectives are linked to business objectives, and 83.3 percent reported that their organizations conduct no formal review

of return on communications investment. CEOs must establish and reinforce an organization’s image in public by viewing each target

public as a client; by doing research, looking at trends, and talking to experts, a CEO focuses on selling what the client wants to buy.1

Finding a country to conduct business in can be a very easy task depending on if the organization’s top management follows the advice

of Mr. Mintzenberg. The way a company normally discovers where to conduct research is through leads on potential operations from

outside sources. The selection of which leads to investigate becomes the difficult task. After sifting through the leads and finding the

right ones to investigate management must formulate an international marketing plan. This further helps management in locating potential

markets for their products. The first step is to use secondary research to find out what the sales potential is in a given market. Asking the

questions of need, demand, and support gives one a starting point for research. If we were a company that sold pants we might want to

ask the following questions. Is there a need for pants? Is it cold enough there to wear pants? Do people that demand the pants have

money? These are the questions that one should ask of potential markets. Table 1-located at the end of the paper-shows the statistics that

are needed for a general market picture. After gathering the information from the secondary research, the picture of a potential market

becomes more evident. However, to make the picture clearer, one must conduct primary research. This research outlines the specifics of

the potential market that directly pertain to the product. Robert Douglas’ book, Penetrating the International Market, addresses the issue

of locating potential markets in greater detail.2

[mg1] After finding a lead that contains profitable markets it is necessary to analyze the venture as a whole. The decisions of

companies must be based on the facts of reliable sources on all investments. To gather the information needed for investment projects,

management must organize a competent feasibility team. The members of this team should be comprised of employees of the company, this

is so that the knowledge will stay within the company. If the resources are not available for an employee conducted study then outside

consultants may be used, it may also be beneficial to use a combination of the two. The first step in conducting a study is to design it by

using project objectives as the base. During the second step the team must be staffed with people that have the ability to solve problems

in any situation. In the third step the team should be properly placed and instructed. In the fourth and final step the product of the

feasibility study should be properly communicated to the decision-making management.3 Table 2-located at the end of the paper-shows a

general timeline that a company follows through the progression of a feasibility study.

The design of a feasibility study first assumes that a company possesses the skills and resources necessary to be competitive in the market

under analysis. Management must know the limits of its operations abroad. The operating margin for the expense of establishing and

starting operations abroad should be easily recoverable within a reasonable time period. The design should also include the management’s

goals, which comes down from the investors of the company. The goals of management should be to acquire specific knowledge of the

partner, in a joint venture situation, as well as the financial aspects, and the business-environment. The currency of the host country

along with the political situation, and the economy are finer points of detail that the study must cover when analyzing the

business-environment.4 In a less formal sense the design of the study should cover relevant material so that when viewing the final report

decision-makers will know with what they are becoming involved.

Staffing a feasibility study is of major importance. Not only must the members be competent in communication and understanding, but

the management selecting the team must be confident in the abilities of each individual. Communication in international affairs plays a

great role for the fact that different languages spoken and unspoken are involved. The communication through a translator let alone

person-to person communication can be vastly misconstrued.5 The individual’s communication skills should be top-notch in order to be

selected for the team.

The members of the team should also be aware of the cultural factors that play a role in communication. Cultural interpretation and

adaptation are a prerequisite to the comparative understanding of national and international management practices.6 For example, during

contract negotiations with a Japanese company there are times of long pronounced silence on the part of the Japanese. They state that the

negotiations, (will take a little longer,( and (this is quite difficult.( From the American perspective one would become frustrated at the

slow pace of the negotiations. From the Japanese point of view the negotiations are proceeding quite well. Differences such as the one

illustrated must be kept in mind at all times while communicating to any foreign counterpart.7

The placement of the team is dependent upon the profession of the individual. The accountants obviously speak and gather their

information from the counterpart’s accounting offices, and so on. Concerning placement, their daily schedule should allow time for team

meetings. During the meetings, progress and the experiences of each member should be shared. This sharing of information can bring the

team closer together and also allow the supervisor to measure progress and disseminate any changes in plans.8 As the importance of

correct understanding of the translator and the foreign counterpart are during communication, the final communication of the study

should be understood by the top decision-makers. When these four steps are taken while conducting a study the measure of feasibility

will become more accurate.

Understanding the importance of proper analyzation of ventures can be seen with the following example of the Patras Cement Company,

SA.9 Yankee Cement Company Inc. of Denver Colorado needed to approve an expansion of it’s subsidiary, Yankee International SA of

Switzerland. The expansion was to build a 500,000-ton cement plant in conjunction with Titan Cement Co. SA of Athens. The plant

would reach full production capacity within two years after the beginning of construction. Estimates by both Titan and Yankee showed

that total capital needed for the Patras operation was US$15 million. The equipment manufacturer, F.L. Smidth of Copenhagen would

finance 40 percent of capital expenditures, and another 20 percent would be financed through the National Investment Bank for Industrial

Development, SA. The remaining 60 percent of Patras shares would be equity, of which 75 percent of shares would be owned by Yankee,

and 25 percent of Patras shares would be owned by Titan.

The international division manager of Yankee, Bob Walbecker, dealt with the Manourpoulos family, who were the owners of Titan. After

establishing the connection with Titan, Mr. Walbecker continued to establish good rapport between his division and Titan. Ten days after

preliminary negotiations between the two parties Mr. Walbecker was assembling a feasibility team in Denver, which was Yankees’

domestic headquarters. The team consisted of a market analyst, an accountant, a geologist, a civil engineer, and Mr. Walbecker, who

managed the study. For each American there was a Greek counterpart that translated and disclosed all information known to Titan. After

four years from the start of the study Yankee expected that personnel within the subsidiary would be able to handle any further

developments.

Preparing for the in country phase of the study is perhaps more important than the actual time spent in the country conducting research.

Before departing for Athens with his team, Mr. Walbecker prepared an outline for each day’s activities for the entire study period. He

also had the individuals make a contact list, which contained a bank, an accounting firm, a lawyer, an equipment supplier, the embassy,

the ministry, as well as industry source phone and cable numbers. Another important point that was covered was that Mr. Walbecker

made maps available to the team of the location, and showed documentary films discussing the political and economical situation of the

country as well. Shots and medical supplies were also made available and taken with the team. Language was also a concern to the

accuracy of the study. Based on this fact personnel were required to attend classes on the language even if they had some prior

knowledge.

After sufficiently preparing the personnel for the trip, Mr. Walbecker departed with the team for Athens. For the first four days the team

was allowed to orient themselves to their surroundings. There are several reasons why the team was given this time to relax. First, they

had to recover from the long flight. Physical and mental stamina were at a low-point when the team left the plane. Secondly, the change

in surroundings has an effect on the emotions of a person. Third, it allows for the creation of a team from a group of individuals. A

sense of camaraderie can be established during this free time.

By the beginning of the week the team was eager and ready to start work on the study. Using the contact list and each individuals daily

schedule the team was sent about to gather information. From each contact on the prepared list each member was expected to gain at least

two additional contacts. While meeting with contacts the team was asked to differentiate between opinion and fact. This is because

misinformation gathered by inexperienced people is very abundant. Fortunately for Walbecker the team he had assembled was able to

distinguish between relevant and irrelevant material. During the study the team was also required to take notes every day. They were also

encouraged to go outside of the metropolitan area in order to gain a better feeling of the country and it’s people.

Upon return of the team from Athens, Walbecker concluded the following: the rate of return would be 16 percent, the partners had good

integrity and intentions, the political situation was not extremely stable, the ownership option was good for other projects if the Patras

investment was slow, and there were no technical or market developments evident to slow down progress in construction. From these

findings Walbecker had to persuade the Board to agree to the venture. He concentrated on the soundness of the venture, the reliability of

the partners, and the advantages of Greece. Using market analyses and forecasts, an audit of Titan’s financial affairs, the geological

report, plant layout and consolidated capital estimates, and a business-environment report, which covered the political situation, the

economy, partner evaluation, and an outlook on the country’s currency-the Drachma-Mr. Walbecker was prepared to start finalizing the

report. Concluding the report were the financial details on the US$4.5 million equity needed by Yankee. Before giving a formalized

presentation to the Board and other important associates, Mr. Walbecker had informal discussions over breakfast with the three top

executives at Yankee about the project. The reason for this was not only to give the executives a briefing about the information that was

gathered, but also to get an idea as to result of the vote on the project. After the formal presentation, the Board was given one month to

decide on accepting or rejecting the project. At the conclusion of one month’s time from the formal presentation the Board’s vote revealed

the acceptance of the project. This example should have revealed the importance of the site selection, gathering, and transmission

processes used in conducting a feasibility study.

The main point of conducting a feasibility study is to find the intricate details which are necessary to make the right choice for

expansion. The example presented above is just one particular situation. In trying to maintain brevity, the paper could not possibly

include all of the suggested actions that management should take in every situation. Management must be able to adjust and plan a course

of action to find the details of their particular situation that are essentials to making a viable decision. As an overall idea in dealing

with foreign counterparts one should be objective in judgment and abundant in knowledge of the person’s/people’s backgrounds.

Knowledge is a valuable resource when expanding operations. Conducting venture analysis is one way in which a company can perceive

how the investment will contribute to future operations.

Table 1: List of statistics that portray the market situation.

Essential Market Statistics: 1. Population by language, religion, ethnic groups

2. Population by age, income, major occupations

3. Population by regions and centers-with growth rates

4. Number of households and rate of creation

5. Percentage of households with car, radio, refrigerator,

TV set, washing machine, running water, electricity.

6. Per capita disposable income (per capita national income less taxes and savings) broken down by

region

7. Personal and household consumption pattern; changes over ten years.

8. Government purchases of goods and services, broken down by product groupings and buying agency.

9. Type, number, and purchasing of state enterprises

10. Imports, and exports, by product and by origin or destination

11. Statistics on market for your product (internal production plus imports less exports)

* Source: Penetrating the International Market, p.27-8.

Table 2: Diagram showing the timing of project events over a 12 month period.

Months Actions

0 Project received by outside party

1

2

3 Preliminary evaluation by company completed

4

5 Initial screening in country completed

6 Decisions to conduct study, employ intelligence service

7 Departure of study team for country

8

9 Completion of field work

10

11 Completion of Report

12 decision by Board on acceptable terms

* Source: Multinational Management, Venture Analysis. p.58.

1 McGrath, John J. Sell Your CEO! Vital Speeches of the Day. vol. 61-14. May 1, 1995: 444-7.

2 Stuart, Robert Douglas. Penetrating the International Market. American Management Association. New York 1965: 25-39.

3 Haner, F.T. Multinational Management. Merrill. Columbus, Ohio 1973: 43-58.

4 Ewing, John S. and Meissner, Frank. International Business Management; Readings and Cases. Wadsworth. Belmont, California.

1964: 146-70.

5 Robinson, Richard D. International Management. Holt, Reinhart and Winston. New York. 1967: 71-85.

6 Morden, Tony. International Culture and Management. Management Decision. vol. 33-2. 1995:16-21.

7 Harris, Philip R. and Moran, Robert T. Managing Cultural Differences. Gulf. Houston, Texas. 1979: 12-24.

8 Fayerweather, John. International Business Management; A Conceptual Framework. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1969: 51-64.

9 Haner, F.T. Multinational Management. Merill. Columbus, Ohio. 1973: 60-64.

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M. Broich