Buddhism Essay, Research Paper

Buddhism

According to Webster’s definition, Buddhism is not a religion. It states that

religion is the “belief in or worship of God or gods”(Webster’s New World Dictionary

pg.505). “The Buddha was not a god”(About Buddhism pg.1). ” There is no theology, no

worship of a deity or deification of the Buddha”(Butter pg.1) in Buddhism. Therefore

“Buddhists don’t pray to a creator god”(Buddhism FAQ’s pg.1). Consequently, Buddhism

is catagorized as a philosophy, but is still regarded it as a religion. “The name Buddhism

comes from the word ‘budhi’ which means to wake up and thus Buddhism is the

philosophy of awakening”(What is Buddhism pg.1). Fittingly, “buddha literally means

‘awakened one’”( Buddhist Basics pg.1).

“Buddha are aimed soley to liberate sentient beings from suffering”(About

Buddhism pg.1). They dedicate their lives to showing others the way to end the viscous

cycle of samsara, or reincarnation. Buddha are enlightened beings who had the

opportunity to reach the ultimate goal, but turned back to help the rest of the world get to

where they were.

The ultimate goal is to attain Nirvana. “Nirvana simply means cessation”(The Goal

pg.1). “It is the cessation of passion, aggression and ignorance”(The Goal pg.1).

“Nirvana is the highest happiness”(What is Buddhism pg.5). “It has become equated with a

sort of Eastern version of heaven.”(The Goal pg.1). The way to reach Nirvana is ” to

become empty, to become enpty of thirst, desire, dreams, pleasure, and sorrow- to let the

Self die”(Hesse pg.11). “Freedom from the Self liberates”(About Buddhism pg.1). Once

Nirvana is achieved one can escape the cyclical repetition of life, in which one is

reincarnated over and over again.

In Buddhism, “the world is in flux, coming into existence and passing

away”(Buddhist Basics pg.5). It is a continuous cycle. Time is often viewed to be like

that of a river. If you’ve seen a river you’d have seen that “the water continually flowed

and flowed and yet it was always there; It was always the same yet every moment it was

new”(Hesse pg.83). Breaking this cycle was the main goal of the Buddha. This has been

the way of thinking in Buddhism, since its beginning.

“Buddhism emerged in India more than 2.5 thousand years ago as a religious and

philosophical teaching”(Buddhism pg.1). In fact “Buddhism is the most ancient of the

four world religions”(Buddhism pg.1). They have many followers. Although an exact

number cannot be calculated, for various reasons, “one can speak of approximately 400

billion lay practitioners and 1 billion Buddhist monks and nuns in the world”(Buddhism

pg.1). Buddhism was not started by the first Buddha, for ” there have been many

Buddha”(Buddhist Basics pg.1), but by the historical Buddha.

Siddartha fasting as a Samana.

“The historical Buddha was born in approximately 563 B.C.E. in Northern

India”(Who is Buddha pg.1). His birth took place “in the towm of Kapilavastu (located in

today’s Nepal)”(Introduction to Buddhism pg.2). He was named ” Siddartha, which

means ‘he whose aim is accomplished’”(Introduction to Buddhism pg.2). “Siddartha’s

parents were King Shuddhodana and Queen Maya, who ruled the Sakyas”(Introduction to

Buddhism pg. 2). Being the historical Buddha, “his compassion and patience were

legendary”(What is Buddhism pg. 3). He “is seen as a timeless mirror of mind’s inherent

potential”(Who is Buddha pg.1). “His teaching make being fearless, joyful, and

kind”(Who is Buddha pg 1). Although Buddha felt that “nobody finds salvation through

teachings”(Buddhism FAQ’s pg.1), he did have “Dharma, the teachings of the Buddha; the

law of the Buddha”(FAQ’S pg.1). Because of the way he felt about teachings, “Buddha

strongly encouraged his followers to ‘be a lamp unto themselves’ and put his teachings to a

test”(Buddhist Basics pg.2). His Dharma consisted of The Four Noble Truths and The

Eightfold Path. “These are the central teachings of the Buddha”(Tokyo n.pag.).

Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

The First Noble Truth is that there is suffering. If people were to look at their own

lives and the world around them they would realize that life is full of suffering. “We suffer

because we are constantly struggling to survive”(Butter pg.2). “Suffering may be Physical

or Mental”(Tokyo n.pag.). Physical suffering comes in many different forms. An example

of such suffering is aged people. They cannot hear as well, see as far or clearly, or move

as limberly as they used to be able to. “The truth is that the suffering of birth, old age,

sickness, and death is unavoidable”(Tokyo n.pag.). Besides physical suffering, there are

also various forms of mental suffering. This suffering usually occurs due to one’s

attraction to impermanent pleasures. An example of this is a person finding a new friend

and being elated while side by side with the new found companion, but when separated,

they feel the pain of loneliness. These are also examples of what causes the suffering,

which is the next truth.

The Second Noble Truth is that suffering has a cause. “The direct causes of

suffering are desire, or craving, and ignorance.”(Tokyo n.pag.) Craving is the deeply-

rooted longing, of all living beings, for the pleasures of the senses. For instance, people

always want things like delicious foods, entertaining movies, or good company. The

problem with this is that it is a continuous cycle. After you eat you will be hungry again,

after the movie will get bored, and after your friends leave, you will be lonely. The same

holds true for people who wish to own the best and newest products. They will never be

satisfied because there will continue to be newer and better things. This is the case in

America today and look where we are.

The other cause of suffering is ignorance. This is also the cause of craving. The

search to find out why we crave always leads back to ingorance. If we knew that

satisfying those frivilous “needs” accomplished nothing we would have no reason to do so.

If people would develop their minds and acquire enough knowledge they would be able to

see the truth. They would be able see that suffering has an end, which is the Third Noble

Truth.

“The end of suffering is the final goal of the Buddha’s teaching”(Tokyo n.pag.).

This can be experienced by anyone. When thoughts of anger and greed arise in one’s mind

unhappiness, suffering, is experienced, but when they cease these thoughts the suffering

temporarily abates. To end the suffering indefinitely, one must completely remove the

desire, ill will, and ignorance. There is a path which leads to the end of suffering and that

is the Fourth Noble Truth.

Kandy, Sri Lanka

Buddha on hill at

Sri Maha Bodhi Vihara

The path to end suffering is called the Noble Eightfold Path. “The central theme of

this path is meditation”(Butter pg.2). During this meditation mantras are used. “They

believe that when certain sounds and words, called mantras, are said many times they

arouse good vibrations within a person”(Buddhism FAQ’s pg.1). The Noble Eightfold Path

consists of eight factors:

Right Understanding

Right Thoughts

Right Speech

Right Action

Right Livelihood

Right Effort

Right Mindfulness

Right Concentration

1. Right Understanding is the knowledge of the Four Noble Truths. In other words, it is

the understanding of oneself as one really is. The main idea of Buddhism is Right

Understanding. Buddhism is based on knowledge and practical concepts, as opposed to

unsubstantiated beliefs.

2. Right Thoughts are threefold. The first are the thoughts of renunciation. The second

are Kind Thoughts which are opposed to ill-will. Finally, the third are thoughts of

harmlessness that are opposite to cruelty.

3. Right Speech deals with refraining from falsehood, stealing, slandering, harsh words

and frivolous talks.

4. Right Action deals with refraining from killing, stealing and unchastity. It helps one to

develop a character that is self-controlled and mindful of right of others.

5. Right Livelihood deals with the five kinds of trades which should be avoided by a lay

disciple. They are trade in deadly weapons, trade in animals for slaughter, trade in slavery,

trade in intoxicants, and trade in poisons. Right Livelihood means earning one’s living in a

way that is not harmful to others.

6. Right Effort is fourfold. This means the endeavors to discard evil that has already

arisen, prevent the arising of unrisen evil, develop that good which has already arisen, and

promote that good which has not already arisen. Effort is needed to cultivate Good

Conduct or develop one’s mind, because one is often distracted or tempted to take the

easy way out of things. The Buddha teaches that attaining happiness and Enlightenment

depends upon one’s own efforts. Effort is the root of all achievement. If one wants to get

to the top of a mountain, just sitting at the foot thinking about it will not bring one there.

It is by making the effort of climbing up the mountain, step by step, that one eventually

reaches the summit. Thus, no matter how great the Buddha’s achievement may be, or how

excellent His Teaching is, one must put the Teaching into practice before one can expect

to obtain the desired result.

7. Right Mindfulness is also fourfold. It involves mindfulness with regard to body,

feeling, mind, and mental objects. Right Mindfulness is the awareness of one’s deeds,

words, and thoughts.

8. Right Meditation means the gradual process of training the mind to focus on a single

object and remain fixed upon the object without wavering. The constant practice of

meditation helps one to develop a calm and concentrated mind and help to prepare one for

the attainment of Wisdom and Enlightenment ultimately. Despite all using the Noble

Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths there is more than one form of Buddhism.

Amidst the spread of Buddhism to places like Eastern Asia, Buddhism was varied and

altered to fit different cultures. These variations “can largely be divided into three major

groups or ‘vehicles’”(Buddhist Basics pg.2).

The first of the three is Hinayana school, aslo known as the Theraveda school,

School of the Elders, and the “lesser vehicle.” This school is widely practiced in Southeast

Asia. This is the oldest and probably the most strict of the three. It also regards itself as

the closest to the original teachings of the Buddha. While Hinayana focuses on the Four

Noble Truth and the Eightfold Path just like the other schools, it is still different. “Its

emphasis is on personal rather that collective liberation”(Buddhist Basics pg.2). This is

based on the Buddha’s thought that one cannot enlighten another. This “looking out for

number one” mentality is probably why this school is the “lesser vehicle.” Another reason

may be that it would take a smaller, lesser, vehicle to take only person to Nirvana, as

opposed to helping others come along.

Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

This is the desire of the “Mahayana, which means ‘great vehicle’”(Wangu pg.50),

school. This school developed in India during the first century C.E. As was mentioned

before, They “desire to liberate all beings”(Buddhist Basics pg.3). This is based on the

question of if an enlightened individual could enter Nirvana while others are still suffering.

Because of this the ideal becomes the “bodhisattava- literally, a being of wisdom”(Wangu

pg.52), or one who postpones entry into Nirvana and who is consciously reborn to help

humanity. “The bodhisavatta is similar to the sacrificial role of Jesus in

Christianity”(Wangu pg.53). “Mahayanist strongly emphasize compassion as the ultimate

form of practice”(Buddhist Basics pg.3). This all inclusive approach is most likely the

reason as to why it is called the “great vehicle.” There is also the reason of the size of

vehicle it would take to “transport” the people to Nirvana. There is also a third school

which came from the Mahayana school.

This is the Tantrayana school, also known as Vajrayana or the “diamond vehicle.”

It began in India during the seventh century and is mainly practiced in the Himalayan

regions. The teachers are known as “Yoga Guru.” This school “developed out of the

Mahayana teachings in Northeast India around 500 C.E. and spread to Tibet, China, and

Japan”(Buddhist Basics pg.4). “It teaches not to suppress energy but rather to transform

it”(Buddhist Basics pg.4). Tantrayana stresses the interwoveness of things; the

interdependence of existence, and the continuity of cause and effect. The principle

meditative practice is that of the ’sacred outlook,’ or seeing appearances as pure. Rituals

include the repeating of the sacred utterances, mantras, emulating their gestures, mundras,

and the systematic arrangement of symbols, such as the mandala, on which the process of

meditative visualization, yantra, is based.

Buddhism is very logical. It is not based on blindly believing its teachings. The

Buddha himself urged his own students to not merely follow him, but to put his teachings

to the test, study the way of the Buddha and realize the path for themselves. “To study

the way of the Buddha is to study oneself. To study oneself is to forget oneself. To

forget oneself is to be enlightened by everything”(Buddhist Basics pg.6). Buddhism is a

philosophy, regarded as a religion that teaches you how to escape the Self in order to

attain Nirvana.

1.) Wangu, Madhu. Buddhism World Religions. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993

2.) “Buddhist Basics.” 17 Nov. 1999: 6 pp. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.buddhismabcs.com

3.) Butter, Mike. “The Three Marks of Existence.” 17 Nov. 1999. 5 pp. On-line.

Internet. 17 Nov. 1999. www.buddhanet.net/budstudy.htm

4.) “Introduction to Buddhism.” 17 Nov. 1999. 6 pp. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.edepot.com/buddha.html

5.) “Buddhism FAQ’s.” 17 Nov. 1999. n.pag. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.buddhanet.net/faqbud.htm

6.) “Buddhism.” 17 Nov. 1999. n. pag. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.assoc.emts.ru/welcome/buddhism.htm

7.) Hesse, Hermann. Siddartha. New York: New Directions Publishing Corp., 1951

8.) “What is Buddhism?” 17 Nov. 1999. n. pag. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.buddhanet.net/ans3.htm

9.) “The Goal.” 17 Nov. 1999. n. pag. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.buddhanet.net/ans3.htm

10.) “About Buddhism.” 17 Nov. 1999. n. pag. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.ncf.carleton.ca/dharma/introduction/About-Buddhism.html

11.) “Who is Buddha?” 17 Nov. 1999. n. pag. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.buddhism.about.com/culture/buddhism/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm

12.) Tokyo, Japan 17 Nov. 1999. n. pag. On-line. Internet. 17 Nov. 1999.

www.geocities.com/tokyo/5215/