Dracula Essay, Research Paper

“Books, like proverbs, receive their chief value from the stamp and

esteem of ages through which they have passed.” (Temple, Sir William).

Bram Stoker’s Dracula is a literary classic, which has stood the test

of time. Dracula, written in 1897, makes reference to mythical

creatures, which in the 20th century have substantial scientific merit.

In the increasingly publicized culture of modern society, the reader,

who desires to live vicariously through vampires, can experience an

emotional release in the study of Dracula. This same modern day reader

finds a sense of comfort in the rigid definition of gender roles in the

novel, because of the disintegration of sexual barriers in modern

civilization. Dracula is a novel, which is more relevant and appealing

to modern readers then it ever was to readers of the past, who could

not fully appreciate it because of the way in which society has

evolved. At the time of Dracula’s conception, the notion of vampires

and werewolves was based purely on superstition and speculation.

Through the character of Abraham Van Helsing the reader is informed of

the characteristics of the vampire.

The vampire live on, and cannot die by mere passing of time; he

can flourish when that he can fatten on the blood of the

living. Even more, we have seen amongst us that he can even grow

younger; that his vital faculties grow s tenuous, and seem as though

they refresh themselves when his special pabulum is plenty. (pg.252)

This type of creature in the 19th century was thought of by many

scientific minds as ludicrous. Van Helsing struggles when he tries to

convince the other men of the existence of vampires. “A year ago which

of us would have received such a possibility, in the midst of our

scientific, skeptical, matter-of-fact nineteenth century?” (pg252) It

was not until late in the 20th century that the conditions of Porhyria

and Haemotomania were proven. Both diseases inflict a lust for blood in

those affected. Since doctors knew very little about the internal

systems of the human body they would have assumed that a creature like

this was superstitious paranoia. Another condition that also was

unheard of, is that of Lycanthropy, a condition that is characterized

by the belief that one is half man, half wolf.

He has the strength of many in his hand-witness again

Jonathon when he

shut the door against the wolfs, and when he help him from the

diligence too. He can transform himself to wolf, as we gather from the

ship arrival in Whitby, when he tear open the dog. (pg.253) Although

intended to be fictional, the novel comprises facts, which a reader in

the 20th century finds appealing. The reader is challenged by the

realization that although the novel is connected with horrific

monsters, scientific evidence gives credence to their existence. This

frightening realization makes the novel even more powerful. Stoker’s

probable intention for the inclusion of such creatures, is to fulfill

the wish of 19th century society to express the darker, more

destructive side of their humanity.

Readers of Dracula experience an emotional release as they

allow the vampires to fulfill their need for dark cravings and

thoughts, especially in a modern society increasingly unable to

obtain privacy. Once Lucy transforms into a vampire she

represents all that is considered forbidden and unclean by both

19th and 20th century societies. With a careless motion, she

flung to the ground, callous as a devil, the child that up to now she

had clutched strenuously to her breast, growling over it as a dog

growls over a bone. The child gave a sharp cry, and lay there moaning.

There was a cold-bloodedness in the act which wrung a groan from

Arthur; when she advanced to him with outstretched arms and a wanton

smile he fell back and hid his face in his hands. She still advanced,

however, and with a languorous, voluptuous grace, said:- “Come to me,

Arthur. Leave these others and come to me. My arms are hungry for you.

Come, and we can rest together. Come, my husband, come!(pg.39)

Lucy’s behavior is indicative of an individual who is true to human

nature. She is violent and her own survival precedes that of others.

Most people will never allow themselves to undergo the type of violent

and sexual experiences that vampires like Lucy and Mina encounter.

Kneeling on the near edge of the bed facing outwards

was the white-clad

figure of his wife. By her side stood a tall, thin man, clad in black.

His face was turned from us, but the instant we saw we all recognized

the Count-in every way, even to the scar on his forehead. With his left

hand he held both Mrs. Harker’s hands, keeping them away with her arms

at full tension; his right hand gripped her by the back of the neck,

forcing her face down on his bosom. Her white nightdress was smeared

with blood , and a thin stream trickled down the man’s bare breast

which was shown by his torn open dress. The attitude of the two had a

terrible resemblance to a child forcing a kitten’s nose into a saucer

of milk to compel it to drink.(pg.298) This very erotic image

represents what many want, especially the Victorians, but which few

will allow themselves to achieve. It is because of society’s influence

on the lives of its members, that people learn to suppress their true

desires. People are conditioned, by society, to believe that many

desires are immoral. By reading a novel like Dracula each reader is

able, if only for a short time, to allow the emergence of a darker side

of their humanity. In the 20th century, due primarily to the electronic

age, everything a person does has the potential to become known. There

is a general belief in modern society that all knowledge is of public

domain. Reading Dracula is a private and safe way to experience a very

profound sense of release. The reader, in the comfort established by

the simplicity of the gender roles in the novel also achieves this

feeling of release.

Stoker has a very strict formula for the appropriate roles of

male and female characters in his novel, which is comforting to

a reader, living in a modern civilization defined by the search

for gender equality. Van Helsing represents a very masculine

character, who momentarily crosses the gender line after Lucy’s

death.

He laughed till he cried, and I had to draw down the

blinds lest anyone

should see us and misjudge; and then he cried, till he laughed again;

and laughed and cried together just as a woman does. I tried to be

stern with him, as one is to a woman under the circumstances; but it

had no effect. Men and women are so different in manifestations of

nervous strength or weakness!(pg.183) Stoker very plainly implies in

this scene that for a man to display emotion, is to show femininity and

to betray his own masculinity. He recognizes that men and women are

unequivocally different. In Dracula he refrains from encouraging the

confusion of gender roles, for indeed this type of confusion can only

harm both sexes, particularly women.

Ah, that wonderful Madam Mina! She has a man’s brain-a

brain that a man

should have were he much gifted-and a woman’s heart. The good God

fashioned her for a purpose, believe me when He made that so good

combination. Friend John, up to now fortune has made that woman to help

us; after to-night she must not have to do with this so terrible

affair. It is not good that she run a risk so great. We men are

determined-nay, are we not pledged?-to destroy this monster; but it is

no part for a woman. Even if she be not harmed, her heart may fail her

in so much and so many horrors; and hereafter she may suffer-both in

waking, from her nerves, and in sleep, from her dreams.(pg248) Mina is

a character whom Dr. Seward believes is unlike most other women because

of her intelligence. For a woman to have the intelligence of a man

implies that she must serve some incredible purpose. However, even her

vast intelligence does not compensate for the fact that she is still a

woman, and a woman has no place around violence or demons. Seward

expresses Stoker’s belief that the chief organ of men is the brain and

of women the heart. In the 20th century there are few tasks which are

not attended to by both men and women. There is no longer a clear gap

between the sexes, and for modern society this presents confusion.

Solace is found in a story where men are masculine and women are

feminine and equity is unheard of. Gender equity has cured many social

ills but the novel Dracula represents a time in which the issue was

much simpler, and perhaps there is a yearning, on behalf of 20th

century society for this simplicity. Over a century has passed since

Dracula was first published and in this time its relevance and appeal

to its readers has been heightened. The mythological creatures which

Stoker originally wrote about, have over time become a scientific fact,

making them more frightening then ever intended. It is through studying

Dracula that modern readers experience emotional liberation as they

live vicariously through the vampires in the novel. This same reader

finds relief in the conciseness of which Stoker defines the sexes

because of the gender role confusion in the 20th century. Dracula

represents an escape from a conflicted and complicated modern society

to a world where many issues were much simpler; it is not often that a

novel becomes more appealing to readers as it ages. The evolution of

society in many ways has had positive effects on the quality of life of

that society, however this quality has been achieved with an obvious

cost, and the novel Dracula provides relief from this stress.

Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Bantam Books. New York. 1981

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/bartlett/bart102.html. Bartlett’s Quotations.

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