Реферат Grammar
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| PARTICIPLE I | |
| 1.Attribute (Participle I Indefinite Active & Passive). | 1. If we have a participle used as an attribute to a noun (in pre-position), the noun performs the action expressed by the –ing form.(a touching story-a story that can touch, a laughing girl-a girl who is laughing). 2. Participle I Perfect can be used only as an adverbial modifier & never as an attribute. To express priority an attribute clause is used: The student who has shown the countries of America on the map is going to his seat. 3. Sometimes the Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no particular time: Taiga is a thick forest stretching to the south of tundra. |
| 2.Predicative (Participle I Indefinite Active). | To be astonishing, to be disappointing, to be exciting, to be humiliating (оскорбительно, унизительно), to be inviting (заманчивый), to be tempting (привлекательный), to be terrifying (ужасный), to be touching. |
| 3.Parenthesis.(Participle I Indefinite Active) | Generally speaking, judging by appearance (words)(судя по внешнему виду), mildly speaking(спокойно), speaking frankly, strictly speaking, saying nothing of, roughly speaking. |
| 4.Adverbial modifier of clause(reason) (PI Indefinite Active, PI Indefinite Passive; PI Perfect Active, PI Perfect Passive). | Not knowing the topic well, he got confused. Being impressed by the duel scene in ”Hamlet”, they were silent on the way home. Having lost the book, the students couldn’t prepare for the topic. Having been left alone, the child felt miserable & lonely |
| 5.Adverbial modifier of comparison. PI Indefinite Act | She shivered with fright as if realizing the danger. |
| 6.Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances(manner) Participle Ind Act | I spent the morning on the cliff reading. |
| 7. Adverbial modifier of time. PI Ind Act PI Ind Pas PI Perf Act PI Ind Pas | 1) The action expressed by a participle in the function of an adv. mod always refers the to the subject of the whole sentence. 2) With such verbs as to see, to hear, to notice, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to enter, to turn, to close, to open, to cross. PI Ind Act is used to express a prior action when the action expressed by the finite verb closely follows the action expressed by the P: Seeing that it was useless to argue with him, I dropped the subject. 3) The conjunctions ”when” & “while” are often used with PI Ind Act to express an action in progress simultaneous with that of the finite verb: While making a tour of England, we were impressed by its beauty. 4) PI Ind of the verb “to be” is not used as an adverbial modifier of time: “Когда я был в Москве»=”When in Moscow” |
tThe functions of participle II in the sentence.
| 1. Attribute | PII of transitive verbs corresponds to the Russian страдательное причастие or действительное причастие of some verbs ending in –ся a broken chair (сломанный стул), a newspaper published in Moscow (газета, издаваемая в Москве). PII can be used in post-position & in pre-position (without any accompanying words). He answered through the locked door. (Он ответил через открытую дверь). They turned into the large conservatory beautifully lit up with Chinese lamps. (Они свернули в небольшую оранжерею, красиво освещённую китайскими фонариками) PII of intransitive verbs, which denote passing into a new state, corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие or to an adjective. Only in few cases PII of an intransitive verb may be used attributively, mostly PII of the verbs to fade(увядать), to wither( искушать, губить), to retire, to fall/ to vanish( исчезать). Faded leaves (увядшие листья). An attribute expressed by the PII may be detached (отделён); in this case it often has an additional meaning of an adverbial modifier: The housekeeper had come out of her room, attracted by the violent ringing of the ball. (Экономка вышла из своей комнаты, привлечённая неистовым звоном колокольчика.) |
| Adverbial modifier. a) Of time b) Condition c) Comparison d) Concession (уступка) | PII preceded by the conjunctions when, while, if, as thought, etc.When guestonied Annie had implied vaguely…that she was anxious about her brother-in-law. (Когда Энни стали расспрашивать, она дала понять, что беспокоится о своём шурине). It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed, a breach of the law which, if discovered, would bring them into the police court. То, что он предлагал, было ужасно: это было нарушение закона, и, если бы оно открылось, их отдали бы под суд. As if torn with inner conflict & indecision, he cried.Он плакал, словно его мучили внутренняя борьба и сомнения. Her spirit, though crushed, wasn’t broken-хотя она и не была подавлена, но не была сломлена. |
| Predicative | In spite of himself, he was impressed. На него это произвело впечатление, помимо его воли. |
| Part of a complex object | She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed. Она нашла, что я ничуть не изменился, а я нашёл, что она изменилась. |
The Objective Participle Construction is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case.
It may be found:
1. After verbs denoting sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc): Then he looked out of the window & saw clouds gathering. I heard my wife coming. She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. I saw the pony harnessed myself. You will probably find your sister grown.
2. After some verbs of mental activity: to consider, to understand: I consider myself engaged to Herr Klemser.
3. After verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to desire. In this case only Participle II is used. The governor wants it done quick.
4. After the verbs to have & to get, only PII is used. In this case the Objective Participial Construction shows that the action expressed by the participle is performed at the request of the person denoted by the subject of the sentence: Thus I had the piano tuned means “I made someone tune the piano”. He had several bottles of wine brought. Ему принесли несколько бутылок вина. In interrogative & negative sentences the auxiliary verb to do is used: Why don’t you have your hair waved? (Почему вы не сделаете завивку?).
The subjective Participial Construction.
The construction in which the participle (mostly the PI) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or to a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence.
In rendering this construction in Russian a complex sentence is generally used; the principal clause is of the type which in Russian syntax is called «неопределённо-личное предложение».
The peculiarity of this construction is that it doesn’t serve as one part of the sentence: one of its component parts has the function of the subject, the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate:
They were hard talking together.
This construction is chiefly used after the verbs of sense perception:
The horse was seen descending the hill-Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма.
