Реферат Labor market in Russia
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Coursework on labor economics
Topic: Labor market in
Prepared by:
Group:
Supervisor:
2010
Table of content
Introduction ……………………………………………………3
1. Russian labor market during 1990-2007 …………………..4
1.1 Labor market flows in transition ………………………….4
1.2 Employment in
1.3 Income disparity in
1.4 Labor differentiation by gender …………………………..9
2. Russian labor market at the time of financial crisis ……..11
2.1 Labor market at the beginning of crisis …………………11
2.1.1 Impact on specific industries …………………………………12
2.2 Salaries and compensations at the beginning of crisis …..13
2.3 Real crisis impact on labor market ……………………....14
2.3.1 Unemployment …………………………………………………..14
2.3.2 Real wages and shorter working hours ………………………15
2.3.3 Impact on industries and regions ……………………………..15
3. Current situation on the labor market ……………………16
3.1 Governmental support …………………………………....19
Conclusion ……………………………………………………..20
Endnotes ......................................................................................22
Bibliography ……………………………………………………23
Appendix ……………………………………………………….24
Introduction
In general, such a science as labor economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the market for labor. Labor markets operate through the interaction of workers and employers. Labor economics takes into account the suppliers of labor services (workers) and the demanders of labor services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting patterns of wages, employment, and income.
This particular work intends to make a deeper insight into the situation on the Russian labor market from 1990 and until the present days, analyzing various aspects of market, its peculiarities and main drivers that caused the market changes. At the same time the analyses, made in this work, give an opportunity to see the main tendencies and dynamics of the Russian labor market and to determine the factors that had influence on them.
One of the chapters of this course work is devoted to the situation on the Russian labor market at the beginning and at the height of financial crisis. It shows the impact of the crisis on the Russian employment, level of real wage and determines the labor market changes in regions and industries at the time of financial instability.
Generally speaking, this work analyses the Russian labor market in different time periods, it describes the market structure and its response to different economic events in the
Russian labor market during 1990-2007
Labor market flows in transition
The transition from a command to a market economy caused a significant reallocation of resources, especially of labor. The public sector was shedding labor throughout the period, with the major flow being to jobs in the private sector. The share of males staying within the public sector declined from almost 80% in 1990 to 27% in 1994. This trend continued in the period 1994-2000 with almost a half of all males leaving the public sector. The share of females staying in the public sector diminished during the early 1990s and then stabilized but at a higher level compared to males. This is consistent with other pieces of evidence that point to the fact that many families in
At the same time the private sector strengthened dramatically during the period and substituted for the public sector. The share of both males and females working in the private sector reached about 60%. The flow from unemployment to work in the private sector increased from 15% to 25% for males and from 10% to 17% for females after 2000. This is another indication of the fact that the private sector overtook the public sector in
Self-employment served as a buffer in the period of financial crisis. The stock of self-employed in the economy in 2006 reached 3-4% of the working age population for males and 2-3% for females, which is rather low by international standards. Self-employment and entrepreneurship attracted labor from wage jobs, especially in the public sector. The most intensive changes took place in the early 1990s while after 2000 the inflows and outflows balanced out. The stability of self-employment also increased dramatically and then, following one year of self-employment, almost 50% of males and 60% of females stayed self-employed for a second year in a row.
The transition-related movements of people with the same qualifications between the public and the private sectors are especially pronounced among those in mid and
low qualification jobs. About 20% of males and 15% of females in low position jobs in the public sector moved to the private one. The reverse movement declined steadily throughout the period and resulted in halving the share of people holding low position jobs in the private sector from almost 20% in 1995 to, for example, 10% in 2005.[1]
Employment in
Comparing the unemployment level during the period 1992-2008 (see table 1 “Economically active population and the number of unemployed” below), an increase in the number of unemployed people until 2004 can be easily seen. For example, according to results of the Federal Employment Service, published by Federal State Statistics Service, the total number of unemployed in 1992 was 577,7 thousand people with a number of economically active population equal to 75060 thousand people. Though the quantity of economically active people decreased in 1995 by 6 %., the number of unemployed grew to 2327 thousand people. Starting from year
Table 1. Economically active population and the number of unemployed [2]
| | 1992 | 1995 | 2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| | Thousand persons | ||||||||
| Economically active population, total | 75060 | 70740 | 72332 | 72835 | 72909 | 73811 | 74156 | 75060 | 75892 |
| | 1992 | 1995 | 2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| Number of unemployed registered at state establishments of federal employment service, thous. Persons | 577.7 | 2327 | 1037 | 1638.9 | 1920.3 | 1830 | 1742 | 1553 | 1521.8 |
By 2006 steady upward trends of social and economic development took place:
- Annual industrial growth rate in 2003-2006 averaged 6-7%;
- In 2003-2005 general unemployment dropped from 8.6% to 7.6% of economically active population;
- In 2003-2005 the number of people with incomes below the minimum of subsistence decreased by 8.4% and came to 15.8% in 2005
I fact, by August 2006, the number of economically active population reached 74.6 mln. At the same time 69,2 mln people were employed in the economy and 5.4 mln remained unemployed (7.3% of economically active population). The employment situation, marked by seasonal fluctuations, slightly improved in 2006. The number of unemployed in the economy, according to ROSSTAT, reached 69.2 mln. in early August 2006. The largest shares of those employed were registered in processing sector (17.3% of all employed in the economy), wholesale and retail trade (16.7%). The decrease of both registered and general unemployment rates in 2006 (as compared with the previous year) was caused mainly by overall economic growth, indicated by the GDP growth (6.4%) and industrial growth (4.4%). Accordingly, that allowed to create additional new jobs. One more positive factor that influenced the unemployment reduction, was implementation of the national projects in the areas of healthcare, education, housing construction and agriculture. The implementation of the national projects gave impetus to the creation of new efficient jobs in the above-mentioned sectors, as well as in those connected with them.
Figure 1”The Number of Officially Registered Unemployed” [3]
Still, the problem, faced in 2006 was the mismatch between professional and qualification structure. In spite of substantial unemployment, Russian businesses encountered the problem of skilled workforce shortage: state employment agencies had over 1 mln. vacancies unfilled. Therefore the major problem of the Russian labor market was the existing disproportions of both professional and qualification structure of demand and supply.
Employment of Citizens, Searching for Jobs
The number of newly employed citizens (who found gainful employment) by the beginning of 2006 was 2 mln. persons. That makes 64.5% of all applicants to the state employment service.
As a result of interaction with employers, the national pool of vacancies (vacant jobs and posts) was growing month by month. In January 2005 employers registered 334.000 vacancies, while by the end of the same year – 792.000 vacancies.
Qualitative structure of vacancies remained unaltered: among workers occupations professions most demanded by employers were truck and car drivers, metalworkers, engine operators, welding specialists, salespeople, electricians. Among other most demanded professions were physicians, policemen, engineers, accountants, inspectors.
Figure 2 “Providing Jobs for Those Who Search for Employment” [4]
Income disparity in
In November 2007, the average monthly income in
According to Rosstat
While estimating regional inequality of
Labor differentiation by gender
According to the survey of RLMS (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey) conducted in the year 2000 both, men and women, share the same point of view that male employees have better chances to be hired.
Recent studies of gender discrimination in
Figure 3: Opportunities men and women have in job [8]
According to the data presented by the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia the ratio of women to men employed in the Russian economy in the end of 2006 was equal to 0.97, what means that for every 100 of working men there are 97 women working in
Table 3: People employed in economy by gender and activity (selected), 2006 (%)[9]
| Kind of activity | |
| % of men employed as: | |
| Heads and representatives of authorities | 60.92 |
| Specialists of high qualification in: | |
| Natural and technical sciences | 63.99 |
| Specialists of medium qualification in: | |
| Physical and engineering activities | 71.85 |
| Workers engaged in mining and construction | 86.77 |
| Machine-building and metal-casting industry workers | 89.08 |
| Field transport and communication workers | 67.51 |
| Motor car and engine drivers for rolling stock | 95.17 |
| | |
| % of women employed as: | |
| Specialists of high qualification in: | |
| Public health | 61.50 |
| Education | 78.06 |
| Specialists of medium qualification in: | |
| Public health | 93.90 |
| Education | 92.27 |
| Employees engaged in preparation of information and documentation | 90.37 |
| Services industry workers | 90.71 |
| Shop assitants and sallers | 83.78 |
As mentioned before the main reasons for occupational segregation and gender inequality are seen in the stereotypes and prejudices about men and women productivity and their role in the society. In general two kinds of stereotypes, which support gender inequality, can be distinguished in the labour market: position stereotype and behavior stereotype. Occupational segregation, which is strongly developed in the Russian labour market, verifies the existence of gender discrimination and demonstrates settled stereotypes of employers to certain gender preference. A deep study devoted to the revelation of masculine and feminine occupations conducted in the beginning of 1998-2001 (Figures 2 and 3) showed that secretary or personal assistant and accountant are considered to be the most feminine professions, while programmer or IT specialist, engineer and lawyer turned out to be preferably masculine professions.
Russian labor market at the time of financial crisis
Labor market at the beginning of crisis
In many industries, the financial crunch brought changes in the labor market, which was shifting from being candidate-driven (with demand for skilled staff exceeding supply) to being client-driven (with employers starting to dictate their terms). The labor market, which in the middle of 2008 was looking for qualified staff, later experienced an excess of work force in certain industries and for some jobs.
However, there was a personnel deficit to a certain extent, because year 2008 was effectively
Professionals are always highly valued, which is especially true in the time of crisis. At the time of crisis, though, employers have been gradually raising their requirements to the experience and knowledge of potential candidates. Reassessment of employees has been under way — with incentive and retention programs being developed for the most precious staff, while inefficient personnel have been displaced with stronger determination than it was the case during a good, growing market.
The crisis has affected the size of salaries, and this slowdown / downward trend persisted in early 2009. This situation favored real-economy companies, which could strengthen their teams and hire the best work force without stretching their budget. In addition, there was a chance that the critical imbalance in the economy could be eliminated, and salary growth rates would be aligned with the dynamics of labor productivity.
Impact on specific industries
1. The labor market in the real estate, metallurgy, and energy sectors has been undergoing significant changes. For example, before crisis businesses were growing fast, thus creating a candidate-driven market. Candidates were in focus, they dictated their terms, which employers were constrained to accept. Today's shrinking business, however, has reduced in many companies the need in core staff, leading to a bigger number of candidates competing for one job. Most businesses in these sectors have optimized their work force structure, adjusting their headcount, suspending recruitment of new specialists or displacing those taken in anticipation of future growth.
2. The banking and retail sectors have been demonstrating slightly different patterns, though optimization of costs, including staff costs, has been on the agenda in these companies too. Banking staff have been more actively migrating between financial institutions — key employees from investment banks have already joined larger universal banks. Due to ANCOR predictions, the next logical step will be a certain part of financial sector staff leaving for related nonfinancial industries. This process will involve specialists and managers of all levels. As for retail sector candidates, the unstable financial conditions have certainly affected developments in the labor market, though not as dramatically as one could expect. The layoffs initiated in some businesses have mainly involved support office personnel, while the number of candidates actively looking for a job has not significantly increased.
3. Professional services companies — marketing, consulting and law firms, consultancies — are traditionally having bad times during the crisis. They are generally trying to retain their best staff, but if they fail, consultants move to the in-house positions.
4. As for sectors like industrial production, engineering systems and sales of technological equipment; chemical industry; medicine and pharmacy; logistics - one could not say the financial crunch has had a material effect on them so far, these industries keep developing rapidly. [10]
Salaries and compensations at the beginning of crisis
At the beginning of 2008 as a whole, salaries in
However, the economic downturn caused salaries to start falling in October-November 2008. Obviously, no negative gain in salaries was observed within the period analyzed due to at least two factors which should be taken into account:
1) The period analyzed was September, when the crisis was in its early stage and many companies had not responded to it yet in terms of cutting personnel costs;
2) The labor market is a large, slow-to-respond mechanism and, even though the salary growth rates decreased in the second half of the year, it cannot stop dead or fall below zero right away. In fact, all the regions analyzed showed similar trends: active development in the first half and a downturn in the second half of 2008.
Real crisis impact on labor market
The labor market was adjusting to a weaker business activity via three major mechanisms: reduced employment, lower real wages, and shorter working hours.
Unemployment
Still, by April 2009, the unemployment rate went up to 10.2 %, which is 4.2 percentage points higher than in 2008. January-March 2009 was the most difficult period. The first signs of decreasing labor market tension emerged in April, as the number of newly registered unemployed decreased against a backdrop of stronger growth of vacancies. Economy-wide employment contraction accelerated in early 2009. Since April 2008, the economy lost 3.4 million jobs or 5 percent of the total number. While lay-offs peaked in December
Real wages and shorter working hours
Over the year 2008 , employment dropped by 5 percent and real wages by 4 percent, on the average. In addition, businesses started to used shorter working hours on a much larger scale, following a drastic jump at the end of 2008.A large number of workers were forced to take unpaid leaves. Manufacturing industries were hit especially hard: up to 25% of all workers were affected by various forms of shortened working time. Also the real wages was decreasing since February
Impact on industries and regions
The labor market crisis has most severely hit workers in the industry, construction and trade sectors. The situation in the power, gas and water production/distribution sectors, that used to be relatively safe during the first months, after the onset of the crisis started to deteriorating rapidly. The crisis has had the strongest impact on economically advanced regions, because industry, construction, finance and trade sectors were hit the most severely. Less developed regions with a high share of agriculture and budget sector employment have been less affected
Regions vary a lot in their responses to the crisis. In 31 regions, the number of unemployed registered since May 2008 has more than doubled while for the whole country it increased by the factor of 1.6. In relative terms, regions with a more favorable pre-crisis labor market conditions have been affected more severely.
The Government’s Crisis Response Program provides for regional programs to alleviate labor market tensions. Available data suggest that these programs are well targeted, as more funds are allocated to regions with worse labor market conditions. Regional programs include 4 types of activities: public and temporary works, training, relocation and self-employment support. Priority is given to public and temporary works, with 80 percent of all regional spending to be allocated to finance these activities. [11]
Current situation on the labor market
By March 2010 unemployment in
Due to Alexey Zakharov, the president of one of
Currently, trends in the Russian job market are quite positive. While half a year ago experts expected the recovery no earlier than in 2011, now it seems that labor demand might have reached its pre-crisis level in the recent year.
At the same time Sergey Salikov, the general director at the Ancor recruitment holding, pointed out two important factors that have had a significant impact on unemployment statistics in
The second reason, mentioned by Sergey Salikov, is the average seasonal fluctuation of job markets. Usually, most employers do not hire new staff in January and February, but in spring demand always increases in spring. A recent statistic from Ancor company looks quite optimistic. The number of search requests for qualified personnel in their organisation increased by 43 percent in February
It is obvious that labor demand depends on the region – the revitalization of the job market in central
Labor demand is now the highest in sales, pharmacy and insurance, experts said. Only two or three candidates compete for each vacancy in these business segments. The situation has improved in many others industries such as IT, advertising, marketing and PR, logistics and human resources. Each vacancy in these businesses captures the attention of between five and 12 candidates. Positive trends are also noted in the manufacturing industry. Those less in demand now are employees of the metallurgy industry and the real estate sector.
But despite the experts’ optimism, due to
Hidden unemployment grew in
Hidden unemployment is mostly observed in the regions with many metallurgy and machine plants, such as those in the Ural,
According to the poll conducted by the
Governmental support
In 2010, the government will continue its anti-unemployment stage-by-stage efforts, as deputy Prime Minister Zhukov said, citing the so-called self-employment program, which is especially popular among those currently on the verge of being laid off. The program stipulates jobless people receiving hefty unemployment benefits to start their own business within a year - something that already helped create at least 127,000 job placements in
More than 40 billion rubles will be allocated in order to help the labor market this year with the Economic Development and Health Ministry already nodding 81 regional self-employment programs to be finalized by year-end.
Some experts say that the main focus should be placed on injecting money into the individual re-training programs that will add significantly to resolving unemployment in
Conclusion
At the end of this work several conclusions can be made about the changes in Russian labor market during different time periods. First of all, the transition from a command to a market economy caused a significant reallocation of resources, especially of labor. The share of males staying within the public sector declined from almost 80% in 1990 to 27% in 1994. At the same time market economy influenced the stabilization and development of private sector that overtook the public sector in
Comparing the unemployment level during the period 1992-2007, it can be said that
When the financial crisis came to
By March 2010 unemployment in
In conclusion, it should be said that nowadays government pays much attention to the problem of unemployment and supports the economy. More than 40 billion rubles will be allocated for the purpose to support labor market this year with the Economic Development and Health Ministry already nodding 81 regional self-employment programs to be finalized by year-end. As the Russian president Dmitry Medvedev said: “…providing jobless people with work as one of the state's top social policy priorities for years to come.”
Endnotes
[1]Labour market dynamics in the
[2]
http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_12/IssWWW.exe/stg/d01/06-08.htm - number of unemployed, p.6
[3] Graph 1 Ministry of Health and Social Development,
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/4/37865500.ppt; p.6, p.7
[4] Graph 2 Ministry of Health and Social Development,
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/4/37865500.ppt; p.6, p.7
[5] p. 8 http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/90A161D9-2CAA-4633-84FF-A5B6DCD69A4C/0/w022008.pdf
[6] Central intelligence agency
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html
[7] World bank
www.siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/.../NMiteva.ppt, p.8
Bank of
http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/90A161D9-2CAA-4633-84FF-A5B6DCD69A4C/0/w022008.pdf
[8] Рощин С. Равны ли мужчины женщинам? // http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0219/tema05.php, 2005. p. 9, 10
[9]
[10]
http://rbth.ru/articles/2009/02/09/090209_baskina.html, p 12, 13
[11] World bank http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/0,,contentMDK:22233119~menuPK:2246556~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:258599,00.html?cid=ISG_E_WBWeeklyUpdate_NL), p.14, 15
[12]
http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Business&articleid=a1270059317, p 16, p. 17
[13] The voice of
http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/01/24/3810556.html, p 18, 19
Bibliography
1.
http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_12/IssWWW.exe/stg/d01/06-01.htm - economically active population
http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_12/IssWWW.exe/stg/d01/06-08.htm - number of unemployed,
2. Central intelligence agency
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html
3. World bank http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/0,,contentMDK:22233119~menuPK:2246556~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:258599,00.html?cid=ISG_E_WBWeeklyUpdate_NL)
4.
http://rbth.ru/articles/2009/02/09/090209_baskina.html
5.
http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Business&articleid=a1270059317
6.Рощин С. Равны ли мужчины женщинам? // http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0219/tema05.php, 2005
7. Ministry of Health and Social Development,
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/4/37865500.ppt
8. Labour market dynamics in the
9. Bank of
http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/90A161D9-2CAA-4633-84FF-A5B6DCD69A4C/0/w022008.pdf
10. International monetary fund
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/pdf/text.pdf
12. The voice of
http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/01/24/3810556.html
13. Российская газета “Государство”
http://rg.ru/2009/12/25/bezrabotica-site-anons.html
14. Forbes
http://www.forbes.com/2008/12/24/russia-layoffs-wages-cx_1225oxford.html
Appendix
1. Separate indicators of educational organizations’ activity
| | 2009 | В % к 2008г. | Справочно | |
| 2008г. | в % к 2007г. | |||
| Государственные и муниципальные общеобразовательные учреждения (без вечерних (сменных) общеобразовательных учреждений) | | | | |
| число учреждений, единиц | 50977 | 95,2 | 53568 | 96,2 |
| из них: гимназии | 1417 | 100,7 | 1407 | 102,4 |
| Лицеи | 1045 | 102,4 | 1021 | 102,8 |
| численность обучающихся, тыс.человек | 13258,3 | 99,2 | 13363,3 | 97,6 |
| из них: в гимназиях | 982,7 | 103,6 | 948,2 | 105,4 |
| в лицеях | 667,3 | 106,8 | 624,7 | 105,1 |
| Негосударственные общеобразовательные учреждения | | | | |
| число учреждений, единиц | 680 | 98,4 | 691 | 99,1 |
| из них: гимназии | 77 | 96,2 | 80 | 114,3 |
| Лицеи | 54 | 90,0 | 60 | 96,8 |
| численность обучающихся, тыс.человек | 71,2 | 97,3 | 73,2 | 102,6 |
| из них: в гимназиях | 10,3 | 93,7 | 11,0 | 113,5 |
| в лицеях | 5,3 | 85,6 | 6,1 | 95,3 |
| Государственные и муниципальные образовательные учреждения среднего профессионального образования | | | | |
| число учреждений, единиц | 2564 | 101,1 | 2535 | 98,8 |
| численность студентов, тыс.человек | 2052,3 | 96,1 | 2136,1 | 93,3 |
| прием, тыс.человек | 666,6 | 99,5 | 670,1 | 91,7 |
| выпуск, тыс.человек | 593,9 | 94,0 | 631,7 | 96,1 |
| Государственные и муниципальные образовательные учреждения высшего профессионального образования | | | | |
| число учреждений, единиц | 662 | 100,3 | 660 | 100,3 |
| численность студентов, тыс.человек | 6135,6 | 98,7 | 6214,8 | 100,1 |
| прием, тыс.человек | 1329,6 | 97,6 | 1362,7 | 98,5 |
| выпуск, тыс.человек | 1166,9 | 103,7 | 1125,3 | 101,5 |
| Негосударственные образовательные учреждения высшего профессионального образования | | | | |
| число учреждений, единиц | 452 | 95,4 | 474 | 105,3 |
| численность студентов, тыс.человек | 1283,3 | 98,8 | 1298,3 | 103,6 |
| прием, тыс.человек | 214,6 | 76,9 | 279,0 | 93,7 |
| выпуск, тыс.человек | 275,5 | 118,1 | 233,2 | 102,9 |
.2. Key indicators of education
| | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| Число дошкольных образовательных учреждений, тыс. | 65,0 | 74,5 | 87,9 | 68,6 | 51,3 | 47,8 | 47,2 | 46,5 | 46,2 | 45,7 | 45,6 |
| в них детей: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| тыс. человек | 5666 | 8149 | 9009 | 5584 | 4263 | 4321 | 4423 | 4530 | 4713 | 4906 | 5105 |
| в процентах от численности детей соответствующего возраста | ... | 64,9 | 66,3 | 54,3 | 55,0 | 57,6 | 57,7 | 57,3 | 58,3 | 59,2 | 59,4 |
| Численность детей, приходящихся на 100 мест в дошкольных образовательных учреждениях, человек | 105 | 109 | 108 | 83 | 81 | 88 | 92 | 95 | 99 | 105 | 105 |
| Число дневных общеобразовательных учреждений, тыс. | 96,9 | 68,8 | 67,6 | 68,9 | 67,0 | 64,5 | 63,2 | 61,5 | 59,4 | 56,4 | 54,3 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| государственных и муниципальных | 96,9 | 68,8 | 67,6 | 68,4 | 66,4 | 63,8 | 62,5 | 60,8 | 58,7 | 55,7 | 53,6 |
| негосударственных | - | - | - | 0,5 | 0,6 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 | 0,7 |
| Численность учащихся в дневных общеобразовательных учреждениях, тыс. человек | 23235 | 17638 | 20328 | 21567 | 20074 | 17323 | 16168 | 15185 | 14362 | 13766 | 13436 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| в государственных и муниципальных | 23235 | 17638 | 20328 | 21521 | 20013 | 17254 | 16098 | 15113 | 14291 | 13695 | 13363 |
| в негосударственных | - | - | - | 46 | 61 | 69 | 70 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 73 |
| Охват детей программами начального и основного общего образования (удельный вес численности учащихся 1-9 классов в численности детей в возрасте 7-15 лет), процентов | ... | 89,8 | 92,0 | 90,1 | 90,8 | 92,3 | 92,7 | 93,3 | 95,0 | 96,7 | 98,8 |
| Число вечерних (сменных) общеобразовательных учреждений, тыс. | 6,9 | 6,0 | 2,1 | 1,8 | 1,7 | 1,7 | 1,7 | 1,7 | 1,6 | 1,6 | 1,5 |
| в них учащихся, тыс. человек | 2049 | 2578 | 523 | 472 | 480 | 475 | 463 | 446 | 425 | 408 | 389 |
| Число образовательных учреждений начального профессионального образования | 3257 | 4045 | 4328 | 4166 | 3893 | 3798 | 3686 | 3392 | 3207 | 3194 | 2860 |
| в них учащихся1), тыс. человек | 1406 | 1947 | 1867 | 1689 | 1679 | 1649 | 1604 | 1509 | 1413 | 1256 | 1115 |
| Численность учащихся в образовательных учреждениях начального профессионального образования1) на 10 000 человек населения | 108 | 140 | 126 | 114 | 115 | 114 | 112 | 106 | 99 | 89 | 79 |
| Число образовательных учреждений среднего профессионального образования | 2423 | 2505 | 2603 | 2634 | 2703 | 2809 | 2805 | 2905 | 2847 | 2799 | 2784 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| государственных и муниципальных | 2423 | 2505 | 2603 | 2612 | 2589 | 2627 | 2637 | 2688 | 2631 | 2566 | 2535 |
| негосударственных | - | - | - | 22 | 114 | 182 | 168 | 217 | 216 | 233 | 249 |
| Численность студентов в образовательных учреждениях среднего профессионального образования, тыс. человек | 2606 | 2642 | 2270 | 1930 | 2361 | 2612 | 2600 | 2591 | 2514 | 2408 | 2244 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| в государственных и муниципальных | | | | | | | | | | | |
| всего, тыс. человек | 2606 | 2642 | 2270 | 1923 | 2309 | 2502 | 2504 | 2473 | 2389 | 2288 | 2136 |
| на 10 000 человек населения | 199 | 190 | 153 | 130 | 158 | 174 | 174 | 173 | 168 | 161 | 151 |
| в негосударственных | - | - | - | 7 | 52 | 110 | 96 | 118 | 125 | 120 | 108 |
| Принято студентов в образовательные учреждения среднего профессионального образования, тыс.человек | 780 | 818 | 754 | 669 | 867 | 906 | 890 | 854 | 799 | 771 | 703 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| в государственные и муниципальные | 780 | 818 | 754 | 665 | 842 | 862 | 852 | 811 | 756 | 730 | 670 |
| в негосударственные | - | - | - | 4 | 25 | 44 | 38 | 43 | 43 | 40 | 33 |
| Выпущено специалистов из образовательных учреждений среднего профессионального образования, тыс. человек | 596 | 721 | 637 | 474 | 580 | 702 | 703 | 684 | 700 | 699 | 671 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| из государственных и муниципальных | | | | | | | | | | | |
| всего, тыс.человек | 596 | 721 | 637 | 473 | 568 | 671 | 675 | 651 | 658 | 657 | 632 |
| на 10 000 человек населения | 46 | 52 | 43 | 32 | 39 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 44 |
| из негосударственных | - | - | - | 1 | 12 | 31 | 28 | 33 | 42 | 42 | 39 |
| Число высших учебных заведений | 457 | 494 | 514 | 762 | 965 | 1044 | 1071 | 1068 | 1090 | 1108 | 1134 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| государственных и муниципальных | 457 | 494 | 514 | 569 | 607 | 652 | 662 | 655 | 660 | 658 | 660 |
| негосударственных | - | - | - | 193 | 358 | 392 | 409 | 413 | 430 | 450 | 474 |
| Численность студентов в высших учебных заведениях, тыс. человек | 2672 | 3046 | 2825 | 2791 | 4742 | 6456 | 6884 | 7064 | 7310 | 7461 | 7513 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| в государственных и муниципальных | | | | | | | | | | | |
| всего, тыс. человек | 2672 | 3046 | 2825 | 2655 | 4271 | 5596 | 5860 | 5985 | 6133 | 6208 | 6215 |
| на 10 000 человек населения | 204 | 219 | 190 | 179 | 292 | 388 | 408 | 419 | 431 | 437 | 438 |
| в негосударственных | - | - | - | 136 | 471 | 860 | 1024 | 1079 | 1177 | 1253 | 1298 |
| Принято студентов в высшие учебные заведения, тыс. человек | 537 | 614 | 584 | 681 | 1292 | 1644 | 1659 | 1641 | 1658 | 1682 | 1642 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| в государственные и муниципальные | 537 | 614 | 584 | 629 | 1140 | 1412 | 1384 | 1373 | 1377 | 1384 | 1363 |
| в негосударственные | - | - | - | 52 | 152 | 232 | 275 | 268 | 281 | 298 | 279 |
| Выпущено специалистов из высших учебных заведений, тыс. человек | 360 | 460 | 401 | 403 | 635 | 977 | 1076 | 1151 | 1255 | 1336 | 1358 |
| в том числе: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| из государственных и муниципальных | | | | | | | | | | | |
| всего, тыс. человек | 360 | 460 | 401 | 395 | 579 | 860 | 930 | 978 | 1056 | 1109 | 1125 |
| на 10 000 человек населения | 28 | 33 | 27 | 27 | 39 | 60 | 65 | 68 | 74 | 78 | 79 |
| из негосударственных | - | - | - | 8 | 56 | 117 | 146 | 173 | 199 | 227 | 233 |
| Охват молодежи программами начального, среднего, высшего и послевузовского профессионального образования (удельный вес численности студентов (учащихся) образовательных учреждений начального, среднего и высшего профессионального образования, аспирантов и докторантов в численности населения в возрасте 15-34 года), процентов | ... | 16,4 | 17,0 | 16,1 | 20,5 | 24,0 | 24,6 | 24,8 | 25,1 | 25,1 | 24,8 |
