МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

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РЕФЕРАТ
По английскому языку на тему:

Башкортостан.

Выполнила: Гр. 1-ПНГ Халикова А. М.
Проверил:

Уфа-2005


MAINTENANCE.

1. Introduction.

2. The historical items of information about bashkirs. Culture.

3. Ancient city Ufa.

1. Introduction.
Bashkortostan (Republic Bashkortostan), in Russian Federation. 143, 6 thousand kilometers square. The population of 4111, 3 thousand the man, urban population 64, 8 %, 54 areas, 21 cities, 40 settlements of an urban type. Capital city Ufa. Western part - flat, east - mountainous. A climate continental. The main rivers: white, Ufa. The wood covers 40 % of territory. The first annals of a mention about bashkirs Islam concern 9-10 centuries. At 11-12 centuries Western Bashkiria submitted to Bulgaria Volgsco-Kamscaya. In 10 century on territory of Bashkiria of the beginnings to penetrate. In 13 century the territory of Bashkiria was seized Tatars Mongols. From 1557 Bashkir grounds were in structure of Russian state. In November, 1917 the Soviet authority is established. In March 1919 the first independent republic in structure of Russia is formed (educated) Bashkir ASSR. In 1990 the sovereignty is proclaimed. In Bashkiria the various kinds of an industry are advanced: oil-extracting, oil refining, easy, black metallurgy, food and other branches. Bashkiria the large manufacturer of agricultural production. Culture bashkirs 9-12 ages. Is full submitted by rich materials curgans.The fortresses towns named by the local Bashkir population Kala-Tau or Khan Kala are known also. Many from them, undoubtedly, existed in a rank of medieval cities and any of them were known Idrisi and his (its) predecessors. One of such large Bashkir cities 9-12 ages. Settled down in city centre of Ufa, in area of streets Pushkin - Newroad - With. Ulaeva (Former Street. Thieves') on long cape formed (educated) two deep of ravines and was known as towns Ufa 2. As strengthening-towns has arisen per the first centuries of our era and continuously existed down to 15 - beginning 16 ages. The life expectancies towns testify to intensity and powerful cultural adjournment reaching by places almost up to 4 meters. On scale to him no equal on all Southern Ural. The assembled materials allow to assert (approve) that 5-12 ages. Were by one of the most important stages in a history of Ufa 2. It proves to be true by that the inhabitants towns left set kurgans, which then all territory of present quarters on streets Tucaya, Frunze, Pushkin from a Street Soviet up to area Musulmanscly of a cemetery was engaged in. Some kurgans contained very rich finds from gold and silver that testifies to an accessory (belonging) them to the especially privileged persons khansly of the status. The finds do not leave doubt that city Ufa II represented largest cultural and political centre in then Bashkortostan. Not in vain in territory of present city of Ufa in 6-7 ages. Have arisen and there were tens open settlements, kurgans and earth tombs of components with towns Ufa II a uniform complex of monuments the future researches will allow to concretize a role and meaning(importance) then towns at the centre of modern city of Ufa.
2. The historical items of information about bashkirs. Culture.

For the first time country bashkirs under an own name of the people is described by the Arabian traveller Sallam Tardgem, made travel through Southern Ural in 40 years 9 in.. Per 922 in structure of embassy Baghdad of khalifat in Volga Bulgaria through the country bashkirs passed Ibn-Fadlan. As is known, the purpose of this embassy was distribution in Volga Bulgaria (Average Povolge) musulmanly of religion. Ibn-Fadlan conducted a diary, where wrote down all seen and heard. According to his (its) description, the embassy long went through the country ogozo-kipskovs (steppe Praia), and then, in area of Uralsk, it was forwarded through the river Yaik and at once has entered the country bashkirs from number of turcs. In her the Arabs were forwarded through such rivers, as Kanely, Current, Soran, and for р. Large Skeremshan the limits of the state Volga Bulgaria began already. Ibn-Fadlan in the work does not specify border of the country bashkirs, but this blank is filled with his (its) contemporary Istakhri, which knows about bashkirs, living to east from bulgars on Southern Ural.



Map of historical Bashkiria.

These items of information are confirmed by (with) many authors Х in. (al- balkhi, Ibn-Dasta, al - masudi), but more complete considers work of the large Arabian historian Idrisi. Though he lived in 12, 00 in., but at the description of a history of the peoples of East Europe, Kazakhstan and Central Asia used in the original works of the authors 9-10 ages. Also restored, thus, validity of this time. By his (its) message, contemporaries bashkirs 9-10 ages. Knew external (steppe) and internal bashkirs and extent of various routes of a way up to them from Bulgar of capital of Volga Bulgaria. In the country bashkirs (on sources Idrisi) there were such cities, as Karukia, Masra and Кasra, which consist of wooden houses and were exposed to often attacks Volga bolgar. The detailed description of language bashkirs was left by (with) the outstanding scientist - linguist ХI in. Makhmud Kashgari: he has attributed (related) it (him) to number large turcly them of languages. Concept «the country bashkirs» (" Historical Bashkortostan >), precisely fixed in sources 9-10 ages, has arisen not at once, and the early stages of his (its) formation by all means include historical processes on Southern Ural 10-13 ages. In this sense tribes bukhmalinsly, turbaslincly of cultures it is possible to consider (examine) as the nearest ancestors bashkirs 9-10age, and among them there could be groups tribes of carriers of a name «bashkort». Running forward we shall note, that the Arabian authors 16 in. (Ibn Khaldun) among large cities Gold Ords have named city "Bashkort", and on the European maps of 15-beginning 16 in. This city is shown in area of a mouth river Ufa, i.e. in territory of modern town Ufa. Is not subject to doubt, that the predecessor of city Bashkort of 14-beginning 16 in. Was towns Ufa 2 and connected with it (him) towns and rich kurgans in territory of Ufa.

Subjects of material culture bashkirs from kurgans.

Culture bashkirs 9-12 ages is submitted numerous towns (fortresses) by open settlements and groups kurgans which are scattered on all Southern Ural.

It is important to emphasize, that the occurrence of the prevailing majority of these monuments concerns to 6-8 ages, and since then they continuously existed down to 13-14 ages. It testifies that in the period with 6 -14 ages. The sharp change of the population in edge (territory) was not.

Now from monuments are better investigated kurgans .Bashkirs died native buried in fine tombs, but in coffins, which bottoms were dimmed by felt I by a mat. In a tomb put saddle and bridle, and very much often they meet and in female tombs. Near to tombs sometimes there are burial places of a head and the rests of the horse together with a skin, that in representation ancient, replaced the whole body of the horse.

By one of bright kinds of finds in kurgans bashkirs 12 ages. The suspension brackets lowered a string, precisely same belt (zone) on Central Asia, Siberia are magnificent silver and gilt. The originality of culture is brightly traced in ornaments of the Bashkir women




Reconstruction An ornament. A necklace as a of a costume chain.

Bashkir women.

In places of moving bashkirs the stone sculptural figures of Central Asia (Mongolia), on Altai, in Kazakhstan and Siberia are found, and the occurrence undoubtedly specifies them on Southern Ural about arrival on a boundary 8-9 ages. New groups monadic tribes from east and southern steppes.


Human figure from a stone (Sintash) 11-12

ages. Kurgan on a mountain Yamashitau.

3. 
   Ancient city Ufa.
   

Culture bashkirs 10 ages is full submitted by rich materials kurgans. The fortresses - towns named as the local Bashkir population Kala-Tau or Khan Kala are known also. Many from them, undoubtedly, existed in a rank of medieval cities and any of them were known Idrisi and his (its) predecessors. One of Such large Bashkir cities ‚ 9-12 ages settled down in city centre of Ufa, in area of streets Pushkina - With. Ulaeva (Former Street. Thieves') on long cape formed (educated) two deep ravines and was known as town Ufa 2. As strengthening it town has arisen Still(even) in first centuries of our era and continuously existed up to Up to 15 - beginning 16 ages. The life expectancies towns testify to intensity and powerful cultural adjournment, reaching by places almost up to 4 m. On scale to him no equal on all Southern Ural. The assembled Materials allow to assert (approve), that 5 - 12 centuries. Were by one of the most important stages in a history of Ufa 2. The future researches will allow concretizing a role and meaning (importance) then towns at the centre of modern city of Ufa in political and cultural life of medieval Bashkortostan.