Robert Frost Essay, Research Paper

ROBERT Frost has been

discovering America all his

life. He has also been

discovering the world; and

since he is a really wise

poet, the one thing has been

the same thing as the other.

He is more than a New

England poet: he is more

than an American poet; he

is a poet who can be

understood anywhere by

readers versed in matters

more ancient and universal

than the customs of one

country, whatever that

country is. Frost’s country

is the country of human

sense: of experience, of

imagination, and of

thought. His poems start at

home, as all good poems

do; as Homer’s did, as

Shakespeare’s, as

Goethe’s, and as

Baudelaire’s; but they end

up everywhere, as only the

best poems do. This is

partly because his wisdom

is native to him, and could not have been suppressed by any circumstance; it is

partly, too, because his education has been right. He is our least provincial poet

because he is the best grounded in those ideas–Greek, Hebrew, modern

Europeans and even Oriental–which make for well-built art at any time. He does

not parade his learning, and may in fact not know that he has it: but there in his

poems it is, and it is what makes them so solid, so humorous, and so satisfying.

His many poems have been different from one another and yet alike. They are the

work of a man who has never stopped exploring himself–or, if you like, America,

or better yet, the world. He has been able to believe, as any good artist must, that

the things he knows best because they are his own will turn out to be true for other

people. He trusts his own feelings, his own doubts, his own certainties, his own

excitements. And there is absolutely no end to these, given the skill he needs to

state them and the strength never to be wearied by his subject matter. “The object

in writing poetry” Frost has said, “is to make all poems sound as different as

possible from each other.” But for this, in addition to the tricks any poet knows,

“we need the help of context–meaning–subject matter. That is the greatest help

towards variety. All that can be done with words is soon told. So also with meters.

. . . The possibilities for tune from the dramatic tones of meaning struck across the

rigidity of a limited meter are endless. And we are back in poetry as merely one

more art of having something to say, sound or unsound. Probably better if sound,

because deeper and from wider experience.”

Frost is one of the most subtle of modern poets in that department where so much

criticism rests, the department called technique; but the reason for his subtlety is

seldom noticed. It is there because it has to be, in the service of something

infinitely more important: a report of the world by one who lives in it without any

cause to believe that he is different from other persons except for the leisure he has

given himself to walk about and think as well as possible concerning all the things

he sees; and to take accurate note of the way they strike him as he looks. What they

are in themselves is not to be known; or who he is, either, if all his thought is of

himself; but when the two come together in a poem, testimony may result. This is

what Frost means by subject matter, and what any poet had better mean if he

expects to be read.

Frost is more and more read, by old readers and by young, because in this crucial

and natural sense he has so much to say. He is a generous poet. His book confides

many discoveries, and shares with its readers a world as wild as it is wide–a

dangerous world, hard to live in, yet the familiar world that is the only one we

shall ever have, and that we can somehow love for the bad things in it as well as

the good, the unintelligible as well as the intelligible.

Frost is a laconic New Englander: that is to say, he talks more than anybody. He

talks all the time. The inhabitants of New England accuse one another of talking

too much, but all are guilty together, all are human; for man is a talking animal,

and never more so than when he is trying to prove that silence is best. Frost has

expressed the virtue of silence in hundreds of poems, each one of them more

ingenious than the last in the way it takes of suggesting that it should not have been

written at all. The greatest people keep still.

There may be little or much beyond the grave,

But the strong are saying nothing until they see.

Joking aside, Frost is a generous giver. He is not, thank heaven, one of those

exiguous modern poets–Joseph Wood Krutch has called them costive–who hope

to be loved because they have delivered so little: the fewer the poems the better the

poet. The fact is that the greatest poets have been, among other things, prolific:

they have had much to say, and nothing has prevented them from keeping at it till

they died.

Contrary to a certain legend, good poets get better with age, as Thomas Hardy for

another instance did. The Collected Poems of Hardy are a universe through which

the reader may travel forever, entertained as he goes by the same paradox as that

which appears in the Complete Poems of Frost: the universe in question is

presented as a grim, bleak place, but the longer one stares at it the warmer it

seems, and the more capable of justifying itself beneath the stars. By an almost

illicit process it manages in the end to sing sweetly of itself–not sentimentally, or

as if it leaned upon illusion, but with a deep sweetness that truth cannot disturb.

For truth is in the sweetness: a bittersweetness, shall we say, but all the better

preserved for being so.

And this is the case, whether with Hardy or with Frost, because the poet has never

grown tired of his function; has always known more, and known it better, as time

passed; and has found it the most natural thing in the world to say so in new terms.

My object in living is to unite

My avocation and my vocation.

The poet in Frost has never been different from the man, or the man from the poet;

he has lived in his poetry at the same time that he has lived outside of it, and

neither life has interfered with the other. Indeed it has helped; which is why we

know that his poems mean exactly what he means, and might say in some other

language if he chose. But he has chosen this language as the most personal he

could find, toward the end that what it conveys should be personal for us too. We

need not agree with everything he says in order to think him wise. It is rather that

he sounds and feels wise, because he is sure of what he knows. And the extent of

what he knows would never be guessed by one who met him only in anthologies.

He is powerful there, but in the Complete Poems we find a universe of many

recesses, and few readers have found their way into all of these. Some of them are

very narrow, it would seem, and out of the ordinary way; in the language of

criticism they might even be dismissed as little “conceits”; but the narrowest of

them is likely to lead further in than we suspected, toward the central room where

Frost’s understanding is at home.

The sign that he is at home is that his language is plain; it is the human vernacular,

as simple on the surface as monosyllables can make it. Strangely enough this is

what makes some readers say he is hard–he is always referring to things he does

not name, at any rate in the long words they suppose proper. He seems to be

saying less than he does; it is only when we read close and listen well, and think

between the sentences, that we become aware of what his poems are about. What

they are about is the important thing–more important, we are tempted to think,

than the words themselves, though it was the words that brought the subject on.

The subject is the world: a huge and ruthless place which men will never quite

understand, any more than they will understand themselves; and yet it is the same

old place that men have always been trying to understand, and to this extent it is as

familiar as an old boot or an old back door, lovable for what it is in spite of the fact

that it does not speak up and identify itself in the idiom of abstraction. Frost is a

philosopher, but his ideas are behind his poems, not in them–buried well, for us

to guess at if we please.

2

We can guess that his own philosopher is Heraclitus, who said: “If you do not

expect it, you will not find out the unexpected. . . .Let us not make random

guesses about the greatest things….The attunement of the world is of opposite

tensions, as is that of the harp or bow. . . .What agrees disagrees. . . . Strife is

justice. . . . The road up and the road down is one and the same. . . . The

beginning and the end are common . . . . A dry soul is wisest and best. . . . For

men to get all they wish is not the better thing. . . . It is the concern of all men to

know themselves and to be sober-minded. . . . A fool is wont to be in a flutter at

every word.” Yet the guess could be wrong, for Frost does not say these things,

however strongly his poems suggest them. The suggestion may be nothing but a

coincidence: the two men see the same world, and its end is like its beginning;

down is up and up is down, the new is old and the old is new, and strife is justice.

At least we know nothing of justice if we know nothing of strife. It is tension that

maintains our equilibrium; if opposites could not feel each other in the dark there

would be no possibility of light. Good fences make good neighbors–each knows

where he is and what confines him. Without a wall between them, each would

confuse himself with the other and cease to exist; or if there were fighting, it would

be too close–a mere scramble, in which neither party could be made out. Distance

is a good thing, and so is admitted difference, even when it sounds like hostility.

For there can be a harmony of separate sounds that seem to be at war with another,

but one sound is like no sound at all, or else it is like death. Let each thing know

its limits even as it strains to pass them. No limit will ever be passed, since indeed

it is a limit. Which does not mean that we shall never stare across the void between

ourselves and others. People, for instance, who look at the sea–

They cannot look out far,

They cannot look in deep.

But when was that ever a bar

To any watch they keep?

It is human to want to know more than we can. But it is most human to know what

“cannot” means.

Frost never says these things either; his poems only suggest them, and suggest

further things that contradict them. His muse, like the truth, is cantankerous; it

keeps on turning up fresh evidence against itself. And yet we cannot miss the

always electric presence of opposition–two things or persons staring at each other

across some kind of wall. Frost has no interest in doors that do not lock, in friends

who do not know they are enemies too, or in enemies who do not know how to

pretend they are friends, and even believe it as far as things can go. His drumlin

woodchuck sits forth from his habitation like one who invites the world to come

and visit him; but he never forgets the two-door burrow at his back. So Frost

himself can reflect upon the triple bronze that guards him from infinity: his skin,

his house, and his country. If he is greatly interested in the stars, and no poet is

more so, the reason is that they are another world which he can see from this one,

and accept or challenge as the mood of the moment dictates. They burn in their

places as he burns in his, and it is just as well that neither fire can consume the

other; yet each of them is a fire, and secretly longs to mingle with its far neighbor.

The great thing about man for Frost is that he has the power of standing still where

he is. He is on the earth, and it is only one of many places, and perhaps every

other place is better. But this is his place, where in spite of his longing to leave it

he can stay till his time comes. Like any other distinguished person, Frost lives in

two worlds at once: this one, and another one which only makes it more attractive.

The superiority of the other one is what proves the goodness of the one we have,

which doggedly we keep on loving, as doggedly it tolerates and educates us if we

let it do so. Wisdom is enduring it exactly as it is; courage is being familiar with it

and afraid of it in the right proportions; temperance is the skill to let it be; and

justice is the knowledge that between it and you there will always be a lover’s

quarrel, never to die into cold silence and never to be made up. The main thing is

the mutual respect.

Not that Frost wants us to think he knows everything.

If, as they say, some dust thrown in my eyes

Will keep my talk from getting overwise,

I’m not the one for putting off the proof.

Let it be overwhelming, off a roof

And round a corner, blizzard snow for dust,

And blind me to a standstill if it must.

His vision is the comic vision that doubts even itself. But it remembers all it can of

what it always knew, and rests, in so far as the mind can ever rest, on the sum of

its memories. The comic genius ignores nothing that seems true, however

inconvenient it may be for something else that seems as true.

The groundwork of all faith is human woe. . . .

There’s nothing but injustice to be had,

No choice is left a poet you might add,

But how to take the curse, tragic or comic.

The choice of Frost is clear. His humor, an indispensable thing in any great poet,

is in his case the sign that he has decided to see everything that he can see. No man

of course sees all the world, but the poorest man is the one who blinds himself.

The man with his eyes open has the best chance to understand things, including

those things his ancestors have said. The minister says of the old lady who used to

live in The Black Cottage:–

One wasn’t long in learning that she thought

Whatever else the Civil War was for,

It wasn’t just to keep the States together,

Nor just to free the slaves, though it did both.

She wouldn’t have believed those ends enough

To have given outright for them all she gave.

Her giving somehow touched the principle

That all men are created free and equal.

And to hear her quaint phrases–so removed

From the world’s view today of all those things.

That’s a hard mystery of Jefferson’s.

What did he mean? Of course the easy way

Is to decide it simply isn’t true.

It may not be. I heard a fellow say so.

But never mind, the Welshman got it planted

Where it will trouble us a thousand years.

Each age will have to reconsider it. . . .

For, dear me, why abandon a belief

Merely because it ceases to be true.

Cling to it long enough, and not a doubt

It will turn true again, for so it goes.

Most of the change we think we see in life

Is due to truths being in and out of favor.

There it is. One couldn’t say half so much if one were tragic.

Froast

Copyright ? 1951 by Mark Van Doren. Permission to reproduce granted by Charles and John Van Doren, executors. All

rights reserved.

The Atlantic Monthly; June, 1951; “Robert Frost’s America”; Volume 187, No. 6; pages 32-34.