Moby Dick Essay, Research Paper

The moral ambiguity of the universe is prevalent throughout Melville?s Moby

Dick. None of the characters represent pure evil or pure goodness. Even

Melville?s description of Ahab, whom he repeatedly refers to “monomaniacal,”

suggesting an amorality or psychosis, is given a chance to be seen as a

frail, sympathetic character. When Ahab?s “monomaniac” fate is juxtaposed

with that of Ishmael, that moral ambiguity deepens, leaving the reader with

an ultimate unclarity of principle.

The final moments of Moby Dick bring the novel to a terse, abrupt climax.

The mutual destruction of the Pequod and the White Whale, followed by

Ishmael?s epilogue occupies approximately half a dozen pages. Despite

Melville?s previous tendency to methodically detail every aspect of whaling

life, he assumes a concise, almost journalistic approach in the climax.

Note that in these few pages, he makes little attempt to assign value

judgements to the events taking place. Stylistically, his narration is

reduced to brusque, factual phrases using a greater number of semicolons.

By ending the book so curtly, Melville makes a virtually negligible attempt

at denouement, leaving what value judgements exist to the reader.

Ultimately, it is the dichotomy between the respective fortunes of Ishmael

and Ahab that the reader is left with. Herein lies a greater moral

ambiguity than is previously suggested. Although Ishmael is the sole

survivor of the Pequod, it is notable that in his own way, Ahab fulfills his

desire for revenge by ensuring the destruction of the White Whale alongside

his own end. Despite the seeming superiority of Ishmael?s destiny, Melville

does not explicitly indicate so. On the contrary, he subtly suggests that

Ishmael?s survival is lonely and empty upon being rescued: “It was the

devious-cruising Rachel, that in her retracing search after her missing

children, only found another orphan.” (724) That single instance of the

appellation “orphan” as applied to Ishmael speaks volumes when taken in

light of the destruction of the Pequod and her crew. Melville?s inclusion

of Ishmael?s survival as an epilogue, a suffix attached to the dramatic

destruction of the Pequod, suggests that Ishmael?s survival is an

afterthought to the fate of Ahab and the rest of his crew. Ishmael?s quiet

words at the beginning of the chapter, “Why then here does any one step

forth? ?Because one did survive the wreck,” (723) indicate a deep humility

on Ishmael?s part.

The question is then raised of why Ishmael is the sole survivor. It is

clear that Ishmael significantly differs with Ahab concerning their

respective perspectives of the White Whale. Ishmael clearly indicates in

the chapter “The Try Works” how disagreeable he finds the mission and

mentality of those around him: “?the rushing Pequod, freighted with savages,

and laden with fire, and burning a corpse, and plunging into that blackness

of darkness, seemed the material counterpart of her monomaniac commander?s

soul.” (540) Here, Ishmael breaks his usual detached observancy and boldly

divorces himself from Ahab?s mission and those whom Ahab has recruited to

aid him.

Ishmael further distinguishes himself from the rest of the crew by being

the sole non-exploiter of whales in general. Melville makes it clear early

on that Ishmael initially chooses to ship on the Pequod for the experiential

value of whaling. It has been indicated that his outlook on the whale is

the only significantly benign one. Whereas Ishmael is terrified by the

“whiteness of the whale,” Stubb sees economic gain in the valuable whale

oil, subtly hinted at by his overbearing gloating upon his first kill. In

the harpooneers, we see a violent savageness, even in Queequeg?s otherwise

loving nature. To Ahab, the whale is a emblem of pure evil. Even prudent,

rational Starbuck looks on the whale as a dumb animal, which it is his duty

to exploit.

The terror that Ishmael perceives is a consequence of his own vague fear of

the whale?s “nothingness.” What Ishmael fears is the mystical, terrifying

manifestation of white in the natural world, coupled with its subversion of

the sense of purity attached to whiteness in the human world. Ishmael is

distinguished from the rest of the crew in his ability to consider the

perspectives of the others. In his role as narrator, Ishmael?s ability to

detachedly analyze the viewpoints of those around him may be what saves him.

Note also, that in his narration, Ishmael is the one character to cast any

reverence upon the grand scale of the whale. Unlike the values the others

place on the whale, Ishmael is capable of viewing the whale solely for its

being, as one of the many viewpoints that he considers through the course of

the novel.

In contrast, Ahab?s views of the whale are singular and focused. Melville

describes it as a “monomaniacal” obsession, but it is clear in Ahab?s

complexity that there are other factors at work. Ahab remains virtually

unidimensional until the chapter “The Symphony,” where he freely shares his

feelings with Starbuck. In allowing us to see the subtle complexities of

Ahab?s obsession, Melville makes it clear that Ahab is not an inhuman

machine of revenge. Ahab?s questioning of “what nameless, inscrutable,

unearthly thing is it; what cozzening, hidden lord and master, and cruel,

remorseless emperor commands me?” (685) replaces his previous portrait as

the depraved lunatic. The reader is now left to question whether Ahab is

indeed maddened by his obsessive hatred, or simply overwhelmingly

determined, but blinded by his anger.

Note though, that despite whatever end comes of him, Ahab succeeds in

avenging himself upon the whale. Although he is swallowed up by the sea

before he can be fully aware of his success, he does expend his last moments

fulfilling his mission. At the last, he proclaims, “from hell?s heart I

stab at thee; for hate?s sake I spit my last breath at thee.” Whatever

Ahab?s motivations, it cannot be discounted that this objective of is his

being realized even with his dying breath.

With the characters of Ishmael and Ahab structured into their respective

places, the stage is set for the novel?s finale. The ambiguous

circumstances of the last chapter “The Chase ?Third Day,” are further

complicated by the portrait of the whale that Melville himself composes.

Melville portrays whales methodically throughout the novel, approaching them

from a scientific, sociologic, philosophic and even poetic points of view.

Despite the relative benignness of the novel?s previous leviathans, Melville

makes the White Whale markedly different: “Moby Dick seemed combinedly

possessed by all the angels that fell from heaven.” (715) Despite the

seemingly lunacy implied by Ahab?s insistence that the White Whale is an

evil force, the ruthless efficacy with which Moby Dick defends himself seems

to vindicate Ahab in the end. It is this mutual malevolency that is the

impetus for the downward spiral of violence begetting violence that

culminates in the mutual destruction of Ahab and Moby Dick.

In being left to valuate the respective fates of Ishmael and Ahab, the

reader is forced to examine what each character has accomplished or lost in

his choice of actions. Ishmael is fortunate enough to be the sole survivor

of the Pequod, but it is left unclear to what traumas he faces. Ahab

ultimately succeeds in his goal, but does so at the expense of his life, his

ship and his crew. Melville makes no attempt to delineate for the reader a

moral hierarchy, and in doing so, completes the ambiguity.

The reader is then left with the possibility of assigning symbolic relations

between the characters. If looked at from the grandest scale, it is

possible to see the whale and the sea as a morally ambivalent cosmos. If

so, then the fault of Ahab and the crew of the Pequod is their futile

attempt to master a force of nature far beyond their comprehension, and are

destroyed for it. The image of Ishmael floating helplessly upon the ocean,

without even the wreckage of the Pequod then becomes a strikingly lonely

image of humanity adrift in a universe neither good nor evil.

-another imperative from your friendly local interplanetary Imperial regime

-sulik