Ambrose Bierce’s Ise Of Flashbacks And The Supernatural In His Short Stories Essay, Research Paper

AMBROSE BIERCE’S:

USE OF FLASHBACKS AND THE SUPERNATURAL IN HIS SHORT STORIES

Ambrose Bierce is known for using both flashbacks and the supernatural in his

short stories “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” and “The Death of Haplin Frayser.”

Bierce was born on June 24, 1842, in House Cave Creek, Meigs County, Ohio. He also

disappeared in Mexico while acting as an observer of that country’s civil war in January

1, 1914. Beirce’s literary reputation is based primarily on his short stories about the Civil

War and the supernatural. “Mancken considered him to be the “First writer of fiction ever

to treat war realistically.” (O’Connor 5). Bierce grew up around the military, he entered a

military academy in his teen years and then later on in his life was involved in war. He

was involved in the U.S. Army, served with the Ninth Indiana Infantry Regiment as a

drummer boy and Buell’s Army of the Ohio. Many believe Bierce wrote about wars so

realistically because he experienced war first hand. Many of Bierce’s works are

compared to Edgar Allan Poe because their stories share an attraction to death in its more

bizarre forms. Bierce also worked as a novelist, journalist, poet, essayist, and a critic.

Bierce has also written many other works which include The Devil’s Dictionary, “The

Secret of Macarger’s Gulch” and “The Middle Toe of the Right Foot.”

In the short story “An Occurrance atOwl Creek Bridge” Bierce uses flashbacks of

the soldiers in war to descibe what happened to them throught out the course of war.

Many of the soldiers have scary flash backs. In the short story “An Occurrance at Owl

Creek Bridge” Bierce describes exactly what the soldiers went through in battle and

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gives details of deaths that happened. Although Beirce’s figures are not very well

developed in any of his short stories, each story expresses a deep psychological trauma,

one that ends in madness or loss. In war the characters become part of the military.

Bierce either tells alot about the hero in his short stories or as little as he pleases. So the

hero in “An Occurrance at Owl Creek Bridge” is a spy who is about to be hanged. In this

short story many people take for granted the reason he is being hanged and what his

beliefs are. Bierce provides the minimum of character description:

Peyton Farquhar was a well-to-do planter of an old and highly respected

Alabama family. Being a slave owner and like other slave owners a

politician, he was naturally an orginal secessionist and ardently devoted to

the Southern cause. Circumstances of an imperious nature, which it is

unnecessary to relate here, had prevented him from taking service with the

gallant army… (solomom 184).

Who this man is makes very little difference in the story what really matters is how he

reacts to war. This is why Bierce doesn’t take much time out of his story to tell who each

character is.

In “An Occurrance at Owl Creek Bridge” Bierce uses many examples of

flashbacks. He uses flashbacks because many soldies in was suffer from flashbacks. In

the flashbacks they see things that have happened to them in the war or things that they

have seen happen to people in the war. The main purpose of the flashbacks is to make an

intensification of personal experience. Solomon 185). An example of a flashback in

“The Occurrance at Owl Creek Bridge” is when Farquhar broke his neck.

Vainly he sought by tracing life backward in memory, to reproduce the

moment of his sin, scenes and incidents came crowding tumultuously into

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his mind, one picture effacing another, or commingling with it in

confussion and obscurity, but nowhere ciuld he catch a glimpse of what he

sought. (Bierce 17).

Bierce’s short story “The Death of Haplin Frayser” is about is about what is now

called the Oedipus Complex. The main character in this story is Haplin Frayser. This

story is all about trying to figure out where exactly Frayser is now that he is dead. A

quote that sums up this entire story is:

For by death is wrought the greater change than hath been shown.

Whereas in general the spirit that removed cometh back upon occassion,

and is sometimes seen of those in flesh (appearing in the form of the body

it bore) yet it hath happened that the veritable body without the spirit hath

walked. And it is attasted to those encountering who have lived to speak

thereon that a lich so raised up hath no natural affection, nor remembrance

thereof, but only hate. Also, it is known that some spirits which in life

were benign become by death evil altogether. (Bierce 15).

In this short story Bierce uses more of the supernatural than flashbacks like in “The

Occurrance at Owl Creek Bridge.” The primary requirement of a writer, according to

Bierce is that he produce something interesting, and it was this very concern with “the

interesting” which led Bierce to choose unusual characters and situations. Many think

that all Bierce writes about is the death of men. Yes, he does write about death, but the

way he puts things is so amazing people can’t help but to read his stories and enjoy them.

“…only two are common to all men – that moment when they enter life and that instant

when they depart from it.” (Bahr 161). “Consequently, Bierce’s representation of man’s

struggle against death, presented in realistic terms, could very easily arise from an

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impulse other than that of wanting to shock the reader’s sensibilities with horrible

details.” (Bahr 161). Many people misread toe works of Bierce and thing he is obsessed

with death and the away people die. The fact that many people refuse to think about

death, even death in a nonviolent way form, may be partly responsible for this type of

misreading of Bierce. George Sterling sums up Bierce’s work very well by saying:

There was a ray [in Bierse's writing technique] that touched only man in

his hour of pain, of terror, of death — a ray that revealed what we hesitate

to behold and which leaves the weaker beholders ungrateful for the vision

a accorded. (Sterling in Bahr 161).

Bierce also dealt with suffering, terror and death. An example of the was Bierce uses the

supernatural in “The Death of Haplin Frayser” is in the beginning of the story when he

Haplin Frayser is walking along and is trying to figure out where exactly he is. “He lived

in St. Helena, but where he lives now is uncertain, for he is dead.” (Bierce 15).

Inconclusion, Ambrose Bierce is considered to be one of the most important

rediscovered American writers. Bierce is known for using both flashbacks and the

supernatural in his short stories. In the short story “An Occurrance at Owl Creek Bridge”

Bierce uses maily flashbacks because that short story is all about war. Bierce was one of

the only writers who was ever able to write about war in such a realistic way. People

believe this was because he went to a military academy and not only that, but he was also

involved in war. He was involved in the U.S. Army, served with the Ninth Indiana

Infantry Regiment as a drummer boy and Buell’s Army of the Ohio. In the short story

“The Death of Haplin Frayser” Bierce uses mainly the supernatural because it is all about

trying to figure oue where Haplin Frayser is now living that he has died. Ambrose Bierce

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did not only write short stories, but he also worked as a novelist, journalist, poet, essayist,

and a critic.