1940′S Essay, Research Paper

HISTORIC EVENTS

The forties are pretty well

defined by World War II. US isolationism was shattered by the Japanese bombing of

Pearl Harbor. As President Franklin D. Roosevelt guided the country on the

homefront, Dwight D. Eisenhower commanded the troops in Europe. Gen. Douglas

MacArthur and Adm. Chester Nimitz led them in the Pacific. The discovery of

penicillin in 1940 revolutionized medicine. Developed first to help the military

personnel survive war wounds, it also helped increase survival rates for surgery. The

first eye bank was established at New York Hospital in 1944. Unemployment almost

disappeared, as most men were drafted and sent off to war. The government

reclassified 55% of their jobs, allowing women and blacks to fill them. First, single

women were actively recruited to the workforce. In 1943, with virtually all the single

women employed, married women were allowed to work. Japanese immigrants and

their descendants, suspected of loyalty to their homelands, were sent to internment

camps.

There were scrap drives for steel, tin, paper and rubber. These were a source of

supplies and gave people a means of supporting the war effort. Automobile

production ceased in 1942, and rationing of food supplies began in 1943. Victory

gardens were re-instituted and supplied 40% of the vegetables consumed on the

home front. In April, 1945, FDR died, and President Harry Truman celebrated V-E Day

on May 8, 1945. Japan surrendered only after two atomic bombs were dropped on

Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United States emerged from World War II as a world

superpower, challenged only by the USSR. While the USSR subjugated the defeated

countries, the US implemented the Marshall Plan, helping war-torn countries to

rebuild and rejoin the world economy. Disputes over ideology and control led to the

Cold War. Communism was treated as a contagious disease, and anyone who had

contact with it was under suspicion. Alger Hiss, a former hero of the New Deal, was

indicted as a traitor and the House Un-American Activities Committee began its

infamous hearings.

Returning GI’s created the baby boom, which is still having repercussions on

American society today. Although there were rumors, it was only after the war ended

that Americans learned the extent of the Holocaust. Realization of the power of

prejudice helped lead to Civil Rights reforms over the next three decades. The

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, commonly known as the GI Bill of Rights, entitled

returning soldiers to a college education. In 1949, three times as many college

degrees were conferred as in 1940. College became available to the capable rather

than the privileged few.

Before the war, British and German inventors were working on jet aircraft. The

designs had flaws, and the prototypes crashed, killing the pilots. It wasn’t until 1948

that a U.S. company, Boeing, developed the Sabre, the first operational jet fighter.

Television made its’ debut at the 1939 World Fair, but the war interrupted further

development. In 1947, commercial television with 13 stations became available to

the public. Computers were developed during the early forties. The digital computer,

named ENIAC, weighing 30 tons and standing two stories high, was completed in

1945.

ART & ARCHITECTURE

As Adolf Hitler systematically eliminated artists whose

ideals didn’t agree with his own, many emigrated to the United States, where they

had a profound effect on American artists. The center of the western art world

shifted from Paris to New York. To show the raw emotions, art became more

abstract. Abstract Expressionism, also known as the New York School, was chaotic

and shocking in an attempt to maintain humanity in the face of insanity. Jackson

Pollock was the leading force in abstract expressionism, but many others were also

influential, including Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, Ad Reinhardt, Robert

Motherwell, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, Piet Mondrian, Arshile Gorly, Adolf Gottlieb,

and Hans Hofmann. Andrew Wyeth, the most popular of American artists, didn’t fit in

any movement. His most popular work, Christina’s World was painted in 1948.

Sculpture, too, bacame abstract and primitive, utilizing motion in Alexander Calder’s

mobiles, and modern materials such as steel and “found objects” rather than the

traditional marble and bronze.

In architecture, nonessentials were eliminated, and simplicity became the key

element. In some cases, such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s famous glass house,

even practicality was ignored. Modern glass-and-steel office buidings began to rise

after the war ended. Pietro Belluschi designed the prototype Equitable Savings and

Loan building, a “skyscraper” of twelve stories. Eliel Saarinen utilized contemporary

design, particularly in churches. The dream home remained a Cape Cod. After the

war, suburbs, typified by Levittown, with their tract homes and uniformity, sprang up

to house returning GI’s and their new families. The average home was a one level

Ranch House, a collection of previously unaffordable appliances surrounded by

minimal living space. The family lawn became the crowning glory and symbol of pride

in ownership.

MUSIC & RADIO

Like art, music reflected American enthusiasm tempered with European

disillusionment. While the European emigres Bueno Walter, George Szell, Bela

Bartok, Arnold Schoenberg, Paul Hindemith, Kurt Weill, and Nadia Boulanger

introduced classical disonance, American born composers remained more traditional,

with Aaron Copland’s Appalachian Spring (1944) and Rodeo (1942). William Schuman

wrote his symphonies #3(1941) through #7(1949).

At the beginning of the decade, Big Bands dominated popular music. Glenn Miller,

Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman led some of the more famous

bands. Eventually, many of the singers with the Big Bands struck out on their own.

Bing Crosby’s smooth voice made him one of the most popular singers, vying with

Frank Sinatra. Dinah Shore, Kate Smith and Perry Como also led the hit parade.

Be-Bop and Rhythm and Blues, grew out of the big band era toward the end of the

decade. Although these were distinctly black sounds, epitomized by Charlie Parker,

Dizzie Gillespie, Thelonious Mon, Billy Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald and Woody Herman.

Radio was the lifeline for Americans in the 1940’s, providing news, music and

entertainment,, much like television today. Programming included soap operas, quiz

shows, children’s hours, mystery stories, fine drama, and sports. Kate Smith and

Arthur Godfrey were popular radio hosts. The government relied heavily on radio for

propaganda. Like the movies, radio faded in popularity as television became

prominent. Many of the most popular radio shows continued on in television,

including Red Skelton, Abbott and Costello, Jack Benny, Bob Hope, and Truth or

Consequences.

BOOKS & LITERATURE

The decade opened with the appearance of the first inexpensive

paperback. Book clubs proliferated, and book sales went from one million to over

twelve million volumes a year. Many important literary works were conceived during,

or based on, this time period, but published later. Thus, it took a while for the horror

of war and the atrocities of prejudice to come forth. Shirley Jackson wrote The

Lottery to demonstrate how perpectly normal, otherwise nice people, could allow

something like the Holocaust. In The Human Comedy, William Saroyan tackles

questions of prejudice against the setting of World War II. Richard Wright completed

Native Son in 1940 and Black Boy in 1945, earning acclaim, but government

persecution over his communist affiliation sent him to Paris in 1945. Nonfiction

writing proliferated, giving first-hand accounts of the war. The first edition of Dr.

Benjamin Spock’s Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care is considered by

some to have changed child rearing.

FADS & FASHION

In popular dancing, the Jitterbug made it’s appearance at the beginning of the

decade. It was the first dance in two centuries that allowed individual expression.

GI’s took the dance overseas when they to war, dancing with local girls, barmaids, or

even each other if necessary. Rosie the Riveter was the symbol of the working

woman, as the men went off to war and the women were needed to work in the

factories. GIs, however, preferred another symbol, the pin-up girl, such as Rita

Hayworth or Betty Grable. Pictures were mounted on lockers and inside helmets to

remind the men what they were fighting for. Wherever American soldiers went, even

the first to arrive would find a picture of eyes and a nose, with the message, Kilroy

was Here. After they returned, Kilroy began to mark his place on the walls and rocks

of public places. More than one pregnant woman came into the delivery room with

“Kilroy was here” painted on her belly.

Working mothers, combined with another new phenomenon, the refrigerator, led to

the invention of frozen dinners. With the advent of television later in the decade, they

became known as TV Dinners. Tupperware and aluminum foil eased the postwar

housewives’ burden, and diners, originally horse drawn carriages with a couple of

barstools, became stationary and a respectable staple of the postwar culture. The

Slinky was invented by a ship inspector in 1945. Teenagers became a recognized

force in the forties. With the men off to war, teenagers – boys and girls – found

employment readily available, and so had money to spend. Seventeen magazine was

established in 1944. Advertisement began to be aimed at teens. With fathers away

and mothers at work, another new phenomen arose – the juvenile delinquent.

Costumes / Fashion

The Zoot Suit was the height of fashion among daring young men

until the War Production Department restricted the amount of fabric that could be

used in men’s garments. The same restrictions led to the popularity of the women’s

convertible suit, a jacket, short skirt, and blouse. The jacket could be shed for more

formal attire at night. Silk stockings were unavailable, so, to give the illusion with

stockings with their prominent seam, women would draw a line up the backs of their

legs with an eyeliner. At work, as “Rosie the Riveter” took on a man’s work, slacks

became acceptable attire.

When the war and it’s restrictions ended, Christian Dior introduced the New Look,

feminine dresses with long, full skirts, and tight waists. Comfortable, low-heeled

shoes were forsaken for high heels. Hair was curled high on the head in front, and

worn to the shoulders in the back, and make-up was socially acceptable. Glamourous

Rita Hayworth made the sweater look popular. It took time to put the New Look

together, time the women now had as the men returned to their jobs in the factories

and offices.

THEATER, FILM and TELEVISION

The theater, too, turned to abstractionism. Thornton Wilder’s The Skin of our Teeth

(1942) was bizarre and difficult to understand but won the Pulitzer Prize. Tennessee

Williams wrote of self-delusionment and futility in the Glass Menagerie (1945) and

Streetcar named Desire (1947). In contrast Musical Theater was reborn, with Agnes

de Mille’s technique of dancing in character in Oklahoma (1943). Carousel (1945), and

Annie get your Gun (1946).

The forties were the heyday for movies. The Office of War declared movies an

essential industry for morale and propaganda. Most plots had a fairly narrow and

predictable set of morals, and if Germans or Japanese were included, they were

one-dimensional villains. Examples are Casablanca, Mrs. Miniver, Lifeboat,

Notorious, Best Years of our Lives, Wake Island, Battle of Midway, Guadalcanal

Diary, Destination Tokyo. Citizen Kane, not fitting the template, was one of the

masterpieces of the time. Leading actors were Gary Cooper, Humphrey Bogart,

Katherine Hepburn, Cary Grant, Bette Davis, Marlene Dietrich, Joan Crawford, Judy

Garland, Ginger Rogers, Jimmy Stewart, Marlon Brando, Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth

Taylor, Lana Turner. Walt Disney’s career began to take off, with animated cartoons

such as Fantasia (1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). During the war years, the

studio produced cartoons for the government, such as Donald gets Drafted (1942),

Out of the Frying Pan into the Firing Line (1942) and Der Fuehrer’s Face.

The Emergency Committee of the Entertainment Industry, composed of both black

and white actors, fought for better roles for blacks. Lena Horne, Hattie McDaniel, and

Cab Calloway, among others, made small inroads. The boom years of movies faded

with the advent of television in 1948.

At the end of the war, only 5,000 television sets, with five inch black & white

screens, were in American homes. By 1951, 17 million had been sold. The Original

Amateur Hour, a revival of a popular radio show, was the first top-rated show in 1948

. Milton Berle’s slapstick comedy, Texaco Star Theater, was credited with creating

the demand for televisions. It’s greatest rival was Ed Sullivan’s Toast of the Town.

Kukla, Fran & Ollie kicked off children’s television as Junior Jamboree in 1947,

followed by the Howdy Doody Show.

FACTS about this decade.

*Population 132,122,000

*Unemployed in 1940 – 8,120,000

*National Debt $43 Billion

*Average Salary $1,299. Teacher’s salary $1,441

*Minimum Wage $.43 per hour

*55% of U.S. homes have indoor plumbing

*Antarctica is discovered to be a continent

*Life expectancy 68.2 female, 60.8 male

*Auto deaths 34,500

*Supreme Court decides blacks do have a right to vote

*World War II changed the order of world power, the United States and the USSR

became super powers

*Cold War begins.

HISTORIC EVENTS

The forties are pretty well

defined by World War II. US isolationism was shattered by the Japanese bombing of

Pearl Harbor. As President Franklin D. Roosevelt guided the country on the

homefront, Dwight D. Eisenhower commanded the troops in Europe. Gen. Douglas

MacArthur and Adm. Chester Nimitz led them in the Pacific. The discovery of

penicillin in 1940 revolutionized medicine. Developed first to help the military

personnel survive war wounds, it also helped increase survival rates for surgery. The

first eye bank was established at New York Hospital in 1944. Unemployment almost

disappeared, as most men were drafted and sent off to war. The government

reclassified 55% of their jobs, allowing women and blacks to fill them. First, single

women were actively recruited to the workforce. In 1943, with virtually all the single

women employed, married women were allowed to work. Japanese immigrants and

their descendants, suspected of loyalty to their homelands, were sent to internment

camps.

There were scrap drives for steel, tin, paper and rubber. These were a source of

supplies and gave people a means of supporting the war effort. Automobile

production ceased in 1942, and rationing of food supplies began in 1943. Victory

gardens were re-instituted and supplied 40% of the vegetables consumed on the

home front. In April, 1945, FDR died, and President Harry Truman celebrated V-E Day

on May 8, 1945. Japan surrendered only after two atomic bombs were dropped on

Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United States emerged from World War II as a world

superpower, challenged only by the USSR. While the USSR subjugated the defeated

countries, the US implemented the Marshall Plan, helping war-torn countries to

rebuild and rejoin the world economy. Disputes over ideology and control led to the

Cold War. Communism was treated as a contagious disease, and anyone who had

contact with it was under suspicion. Alger Hiss, a former hero of the New Deal, was

indicted as a traitor and the House Un-American Activities Committee began its

infamous hearings.

Returning GI’s created the baby boom, which is still having repercussions on

American society today. Although there were rumors, it was only after the war ended

that Americans learned the extent of the Holocaust. Realization of the power of

prejudice helped lead to Civil Rights reforms over the next three decades. The

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, commonly known as the GI Bill of Rights, entitled

returning soldiers to a college education. In 1949, three times as many college

degrees were conferred as in 1940. College became available to the capable rather

than the privileged few.

Before the war, British and German inventors were working on jet aircraft. The

designs had flaws, and the prototypes crashed, killing the pilots. It wasn’t until 1948

that a U.S. company, Boeing, developed the Sabre, the first operational jet fighter.

Television made its’ debut at the 1939 World Fair, but the war interrupted further

development. In 1947, commercial television with 13 stations became available to

the public. Computers were developed during the early forties. The digital computer,

named ENIAC, weighing 30 tons and standing two stories high, was completed in

1945.

ART & ARCHITECTURE

As Adolf Hitler systematically eliminated artists whose

ideals didn’t agree with his own, many emigrated to the United States, where they

had a profound effect on American artists. The center of the western art world

shifted from Paris to New York. To show the raw emotions, art became more

abstract. Abstract Expressionism, also known as the New York School, was chaotic

and shocking in an attempt to maintain humanity in the face of insanity. Jackson

Pollock was the leading force in abstract expressionism, but many others were also

influential, including Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, Ad Reinhardt, Robert

Motherwell, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, Piet Mondrian, Arshile Gorly, Adolf Gottlieb,

and Hans Hofmann. Andrew Wyeth, the most popular of American artists, didn’t fit in

any movement. His most popular work, Christina’s World was painted in 1948.

Sculpture, too, bacame abstract and primitive, utilizing motion in Alexander Calder’s

mobiles, and modern materials such as steel and “found objects” rather than the

traditional marble and bronze.

In architecture, nonessentials were eliminated, and simplicity became the key

element. In some cases, such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s famous glass house,

even practicality was ignored. Modern glass-and-steel office buidings began to rise

after the war ended. Pietro Belluschi designed the prototype Equitable Savings and

Loan building, a “skyscraper” of twelve stories. Eliel Saarinen utilized contemporary

design, particularly in churches. The dream home remained a Cape Cod. After the

war, suburbs, typified by Levittown, with their tract homes and uniformity, sprang up

to house returning GI’s and their new families. The average home was a one level

Ranch House, a collection of previously unaffordable appliances surrounded by

minimal living space. The family lawn became the crowning glory and symbol of pride

in ownership.

MUSIC & RADIO

Like art, music reflected American enthusiasm tempered with European

disillusionment. While the European emigres Bueno Walter, George Szell, Bela

Bartok, Arnold Schoenberg, Paul Hindemith, Kurt Weill, and Nadia Boulanger

introduced classical disonance, American born composers remained more traditional,

with Aaron Copland’s Appalachian Spring (1944) and Rodeo (1942). William Schuman

wrote his symphonies #3(1941) through #7(1949).

At the beginning of the decade, Big Bands dominated popular music. Glenn Miller,

Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman led some of the more famous

bands. Eventually, many of the singers with the Big Bands struck out on their own.

Bing Crosby’s smooth voice made him one of the most popular singers, vying with

Frank Sinatra. Dinah Shore, Kate Smith and Perry Como also led the hit parade.

Be-Bop and Rhythm and Blues, grew out of the big band era toward the end of the

decade. Although these were distinctly black sounds, epitomized by Charlie Parker,

Dizzie Gillespie, Thelonious Mon, Billy Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald and Woody Herman.

Radio was the lifeline for Americans in the 1940’s, providing news, music and

entertainment,, much like television today. Programming included soap operas, quiz

shows, children’s hours, mystery stories, fine drama, and sports. Kate Smith and

Arthur Godfrey were popular radio hosts. The government relied heavily on radio for

propaganda. Like the movies, radio faded in popularity as television became

prominent. Many of the most popular radio shows continued on in television,

including Red Skelton, Abbott and Costello, Jack Benny, Bob Hope, and Truth or

Consequences.

BOOKS & LITERATURE

The decade opened with the appearance of the first inexpensive

paperback. Book clubs proliferated, and book sales went from one million to over

twelve million volumes a year. Many important literary works were conceived during,

or based on, this time period, but published later. Thus, it took a while for the horror

of war and the atrocities of prejudice to come forth. Shirley Jackson wrote The

Lottery to demonstrate how perpectly normal, otherwise nice people, could allow

something like the Holocaust. In The Human Comedy, William Saroyan tackles

questions of prejudice against the setting of World War II. Richard Wright completed

Native Son in 1940 and Black Boy in 1945, earning acclaim, but government

persecution over his communist affiliation sent him to Paris in 1945. Nonfiction

writing proliferated, giving first-hand accounts of the war. The first edition of Dr.

Benjamin Spock’s Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care is considered by

some to have changed child rearing.

FADS & FASHION

In popular dancing, the Jitterbug made it’s appearance at the beginning of the

decade. It was the first dance in two centuries that allowed individual expression.

GI’s took the dance overseas when they to war, dancing with local girls, barmaids, or

even each other if necessary. Rosie the Riveter was the symbol of the working

woman, as the men went off to war and the women were needed to work in the

factories. GIs, however, preferred another symbol, the pin-up girl, such as Rita

Hayworth or Betty Grable. Pictures were mounted on lockers and inside helmets to

remind the men what they were fighting for. Wherever American soldiers went, even

the first to arrive would find a picture of eyes and a nose, with the message, Kilroy

was Here. After they returned, Kilroy began to mark his place on the walls and rocks

of public places. More than one pregnant woman came into the delivery room with

“Kilroy was here” painted on her belly.

Working mothers, combined with another new phenomenon, the refrigerator, led to

the invention of frozen dinners. With the advent of television later in the decade, they

became known as TV Dinners. Tupperware and aluminum foil eased the postwar

housewives’ burden, and diners, originally horse drawn carriages with a couple of

barstools, became stationary and a respectable staple of the postwar culture. The

Slinky was invented by a ship inspector in 1945. Teenagers became a recognized

force in the forties. With the men off to war, teenagers – boys and girls – found

employment readily available, and so had money to spend. Seventeen magazine was

established in 1944. Advertisement began to be aimed at teens. With fathers away

and mothers at work, another new phenomen arose – the juvenile delinquent.

Costumes / Fashion

The Zoot Suit was the height of fashion among daring young men

until the War Production Department restricted the amount of fabric that could be

used in men’s garments. The same restrictions led to the popularity of the women’s

convertible suit, a jacket, short skirt, and blouse. The jacket could be shed for more

formal attire at night. Silk stockings were unavailable, so, to give the illusion with

stockings with their prominent seam, women would draw a line up the backs of their

legs with an eyeliner. At work, as “Rosie the Riveter” took on a man’s work, slacks

became acceptable attire.

When the war and it’s restrictions ended, Christian Dior introduced the New Look,

feminine dresses with long, full skirts, and tight waists. Comfortable, low-heeled

shoes were forsaken for high heels. Hair was curled high on the head in front, and

worn to the shoulders in the back, and make-up was socially acceptable. Glamourous

Rita Hayworth made the sweater look popular. It took time to put the New Look

together, time the women now had as the men returned to their jobs in the factories

and offices.

THEATER, FILM and TELEVISION

The theater, too, turned to abstractionism. Thornton Wilder’s The Skin of our Teeth

(1942) was bizarre and difficult to understand but won the Pulitzer Prize. Tennessee

Williams wrote of self-delusionment and futility in the Glass Menagerie (1945) and

Streetcar named Desire (1947). In contrast Musical Theater was reborn, with Agnes

de Mille’s technique of dancing in character in Oklahoma (1943). Carousel (1945), and

Annie get your Gun (1946).

The forties were the heyday for movies. The Office of War declared movies an

essential industry for morale and propaganda. Most plots had a fairly narrow and

predictable set of morals, and if Germans or Japanese were included, they were

one-dimensional villains. Examples are Casablanca, Mrs. Miniver, Lifeboat,

Notorious, Best Years of our Lives, Wake Island, Battle of Midway, Guadalcanal

Diary, Destination Tokyo. Citizen Kane, not fitting the template, was one of the

masterpieces of the time. Leading actors were Gary Cooper, Humphrey Bogart,

Katherine Hepburn, Cary Grant, Bette Davis, Marlene Dietrich, Joan Crawford, Judy

Garland, Ginger Rogers, Jimmy Stewart, Marlon Brando, Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth

Taylor, Lana Turner. Walt Disney’s career began to take off, with animated cartoons

such as Fantasia (1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). During the war years, the

studio produced cartoons for the government, such as Donald gets Drafted (1942),

Out of the Frying Pan into the Firing Line (1942) and Der Fuehrer’s Face.

The Emergency Committee of the Entertainment Industry, composed of both black

and white actors, fought for better roles for blacks. Lena Horne, Hattie McDaniel, and

Cab Calloway, among others, made small inroads. The boom years of movies faded

with the advent of television in 1948.

At the end of the war, only 5,000 television sets, with five inch black & white

screens, were in American homes. By 1951, 17 million had been sold. The Original

Amateur Hour, a revival of a popular radio show, was the first top-rated show in 1948

. Milton Berle’s slapstick comedy, Texaco Star Theater, was credited with creating

the demand for televisions. It’s greatest rival was Ed Sullivan’s Toast of the Town.

Kukla, Fran & Ollie kicked off children’s television as Junior Jamboree in 1947,

followed by the Howdy Doody Show.

FACTS about this decade.

*Population 132,122,000

*Unemployed in 1940 – 8,120,000

*National Debt $43 Billion

*Average Salary $1,299. Teacher’s salary $1,441

*Minimum Wage $.43 per hour

*55% of U.S. homes have indoor plumbing

*Antarctica is discovered to be a continent

*Life expectancy 68.2 female, 60.8 male

*Auto deaths 34,500

*Supreme Court decides blacks do have a right to vote

*World War II changed the order of world power, the United States and the USSR

became super powers

*Cold War begins.

predictable set of morals, and if Germans or Japanese were included, they were

one-dimensional villains. Examples are Casablanca, Mrs. Miniver, Lifeboat,

Notorious, Best Years of our Lives, Wake Island, Battle of Midway, Guadalcanal

Diary, Destination Tokyo. Citizen Kane, not fitting the template, was one of the

masterpieces of the time. Leading actors were Gary Cooper, Humphrey Bogart,

Katherine Hepburn, Cary Grant, Bette Davis, Marlene Dietrich, Joan Crawford, Judy

Garland, Ginger Rogers, Jimmy Stewart, Marlon Brando, Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth

Taylor, Lana Turner. Walt Disney’s career began to take off, with animated cartoons

such as Fantasia (1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). During the war years, the

studio produced cartoons for the government, such as Donald gets Drafted (1942),

Out of the Frying Pan into the Firing Line (1942) and Der Fuehrer’s Face.

Bibliography

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