King Richard 1 Essay, Research Paper

My report is on Richard I, byname Richard the Lion-Hearted. He was born September 8, 1157 in

Oxford, England. He died on April 6, 1199 in Chalus, England. His knightly manner and his prowess in the

Third Crusade(1189-92) made him a popular king in his own time, as well as the hero of countless romantic

legends. He has been viewed less kindly by more recent historians and scholars.

Richard was the third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he was given the duchy of

Aquitaine, his mother?s inheritance, at the age of 11 and was enthroned as duke at Poitiers in 1172. Richard

possessed precocious political and military ability, he won fame for his knightly prowess, and quickly learned

how to control the turbulent aristocracy of Poitou and Gascony. Like all Henry II?s legitimate sons, Richard

had no filial piety, foresight, or sense of responsibility. He joined his brothers in the great

rebellion(1173-74)against his father, who invaded Aquistaine twice before Richard submitted and received

pardon. Thereafter, Richard was occupied with suppressing baronial revolts in his own duchy. His harshness

infuriated the Gascons, who revolted in 1183 and called in the help of the ?Young King? Henry and his brother,

Geoffrey of Brittany, in an effort to drive Richard from his duchy altogether. Alarmed at the threatened

disintegration of his empire, Henry II brought the feudal host of his continental lands to Richard?s aid, but the

younger Henry died suddenly(June 11, 1183)and the uprising collapsed. Richard was now heir to England, and to

Normandy and Anjou, and his father wished him to yield Aquitaine to his youngest brother, John. But Richard,

a true southerner, would not surrender the duchy in which he had grown up.

Richard received Normandy on July 20, and the English throne on September 30. Richard, unlike

Philip, had only one ambition, to lead the crusade prompted by Saladin?s capture of Jerusalem in 1187. He had

no conception of planning for the future of the English monarchy, and put up everything for sale to buy arms for

the crusade. Yet he had not become king to preside over the dismemberment of the Angevin Empire. He broke

with Philip and didn?t neglect Angevin defenses on the Continent. Open war was averted only because Philip

also took the cross. Richard dipped deep into his father?s treasure and sold sheriffdoms and other offices. With

all this, he raised a formidable fleet and an army, and in 1190 he departed for the Holy Land, traveling through

Sicily.

Richard found the Sicilians hostile, and took Messina by storm(October 4). To prevent the German

Emperor Henry VI from ruling their country, the Sicilians had elected the native, Tancred of Lecce, who had

imprisoned the late king?s wife, Joan of England(Richard?s sister), and denied her possession of her dower. By

the Treaty of Messina, Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged Tancred as king of

Sicily, declared Arthur of Brittany(Richard?s nephew)to be his own heir, and provided for Arthur to marry

Tancred?s daughter. This treaty infuriated the Germans, who were also taking part in the Third Crusade, and

it incited Richard?s brother, John, to treachery and rebellion. Richard joined the other crusaders at Acre on June

8, 1191, conquered Cyprus on his way there. While at Limassol in Cyprus, Richard married(May 12)Berengaria

of Navarre.

Acre fell in July 1191, and on September 7, Richard?s brilliant victory at Arsuf put the crusaders in

possession of Joppa. Twice Richard led his forces to within o few miles of Jerusalem. But the recapture of the

city, which constituted the chief aim of the Third Crusade, eluded him. There were fierce quarrels among the

French, German, and English contingents. Richard insulted Leopold V, duke of Austria, by tearing down his

banner and quarreled with Philip Augustus, who returned to France after the fall of Acre. Richard?s candidate

for the crown of Jerusalem was his vassal, Guy de Lusignan, whom he supported against the German

candidate, Conrad of Montferrat. It was rumored, unjustly, that Richard connived at Conrad?s murder. After

a year?s unproductive skirmishing, Richard(September 1192)made a truce for three years with Saladin that

permitted the crusaders to hold Acre and a thin coastal strip, and gave Christian pilgrims free access to the

holy places.

Richard sailed home by way of the Adriatic, because of French hostility, and a storm, drove his ship

ashore near Venice. Because of the enmity of Duke Leopold, he disguised himself only to be discovered at

Vienna in December 1192, and imprisoned in the Duke?s castle at Durnstein on the Danube. Later, he was

handed over to Henry VI, who kept him at various imperial castles. It was around Richard?s captivity in a

castle, whose identity was at first unknown in England, that the famous romance of Blondel was woven in the

13th century. Under the threat of being handed over to Philip II, Richard agreed to the harsh terms imposed by

Henry VI, a colossal random of 150,000 marks, and the surrender of his kingdom to the Emperor, on condition

that he receive it back as a fief. The raising of

the ransom money was one of the most remarkable fiscal measures of the 12th century and gives striking proof of

the prosperity of England. A very high proportion of the ransom was paid, and meanwhile (February

1194)Richard was released.

He returned at once to England and was crowned for the second time on April 17, featuring that the

independence of his kingship had been compromised. Within a month he went to Normandy, never to return.

His last five years were spent in warfare against Philip II, interspersed with occasional truces. The King left

England in the capable hands of Hubert Walter, justifier and archbishop of Canterbury. It was Richard?s

impetuosity that brought him to his death at the early age of forty-two. The Vicomte of Limoges refused to

hand over a hoard of gold unearthed by a local peasant. Richard laid siege to his castle of Chalus and in an

unlucky moment was wounded. He died in 1199. He was buried in the abbey church of Fontevrault, where

Henry II and Queen Eleanor are also buried, and his effigy is still preserved there.

Richard was a thoroughgoing Angevin, irresponsible and hot-tempered, possessed of tremendous

energy, and capable of great cruelty. He was more accomplished than most of his family, a soldier of

consummate ability, a skillful politician, and capable of inspiring loyal service. He was a lyrical poet of

considerable power and the hero of troubadours. He was both an honored and despised man.

Bibliography

1.A History of the Crusades; Vol. 3; 1954

2.Richard the Lion Heart; K. Norgate; 1969

3.Itinerary of King Richard the First; L.Landon; 1935

4.Loss of Normandy 1189-1204; 2nd Edition; 1961

5.Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings; A. Kelly;

1950

6.Encyclopedia Britannica Online; www.eb.com; 1999