Affirmative Action Essay, Research Paper

?The state shall not discriminate, or grant preferential treatment to any individual or group on the basis of race, sex,

color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.?

The previous statement is the unedited text of the operative part of Proposition 209, the California Civil Rights

Initiative (CCRI), that passed November fifth by a percentage of 54 to 46. Though the initiative does not actually

mention affirmative action, Californians feel affirmative action may be coming to an end. Will the decision of

Proposition 209 have a great impact on colleges and universities? We will soon find out. We do know that

affirmative action in colleges and universities has a long history of controversy sparked by the 1978 Bakke case and

seems to be far from over with the recent vote on proposition 209.

The Supreme Court?s 1978 decision in the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke has been the basis for

most college affirmative action programs. The case involved a white man, Allen Bakke, who applied for admission

to, and was rejected by California University at Davis Medical School in 1973 and 1974. The university had an

affirmative action program to accept sixteen Black, Hispanic, and Asian students for every 100 entering. Allen

Bakke objected when he found out that he had been turned down while minorities students with lower college

grades and MCAT scores had been admitted under the university?s affirmative action program. The court then had

been divided between four justices in favor of admitting Bakke on the basis that the quota affirmative

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action plan had violated Title Four of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, four Justices against admitting Bakke, and Justice

Powell, the swing vote. Justice Powell declared

that Allen Bakke would be admitted to the medical school because the University of California?s affirmative action

plan had violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Justice Powells opinion, the

Fourteenth Amendment must be interpreted to protect everyone (McWhirter).

The Bakke decision has sparked many anti-affirmative action movements, the latest being Proposition 209. Backing

the California Civil Rights Initiative, proponents feel it is time to end race and sex-based quotas, preferences and

set-asides now governing state employment, contracts and education. Launching a two million dollar television

campaign to support the ballot measure, Robert Dole and the Republican Party made proposition 209 the centerpiece

in their push for California?s 54 electoral votes (Lesher). Bob Dole states, ?If affirmative action means quotas, set-

asides and other preferences that favor individuals simply because they happen to belong to certain groups, that?s

were I draw the line? (qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the California Civil Rights Initiative?).

Agreeing with Dole, Governor Pete Wilson states that ?Mandating and practicing inequality cannot bring equality?

(qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the California Civil Rights !

Initiative?). Another defender of proposition 209 and affirmative action is House Speaker Newt Gingrich. In a

interview with Gingrich, he boldly states that ?people who want some kind of quota based on racial background

should be forced to debate in public their version of America. I would make clear that I oppose

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quotas explicitly because I favor an integrated America? (qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the

California Civil Rights Initiative?). United States Senator, Phil Gramm, also opposes affirmative action resolutely

declaring that ?if I become President,

quotas and set-asides are finished in America? (qtd. in ?What They?re Saying About Quotas and the California Civil

Rights Initiative?).

Opposing the measure, California college students and other affirmative action supporters protest to sustain variety

and diversity. The first incident occurred when 500 students from University of California Berkeley met on Sprous

Hall steps, the evening after the election and seized the Campanile clock tower. Some students chained themselves

inside. The same day as the as the Berkeley incident, 300 students from the University of California Santa Cruz

surrounded and picketed the Student Service Building, effectively closing the financial aid and registrar?s office.

Police made no arrests. On November seventh, 100 students from San Francisco State caused a commotion by

blocking 19th Avenue, a main thoroughfare (WALLACE and MARCUM ). A few weeks after proposition 209 was

passed students from the University of California took over UC Riverside’s administration building, chaining the

doors from the inside and interrupting university business for six hours. Police soon ca!

me and arrested twenty. When asked why she was protesting, Zarina Zanipatini, 21, a senior majoring in sociology

and ethnic studies claims she was protesting on behalf of “a lot of our kids who are waiting for their chances,” (qtd.

in WALLACE and MARCUM) Also fighting the measure, the Clinton

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Administration is considering taking legal action or filing a lawsuit challenging Proposition 209. This was

confirmed after Reverend Jesse Jackson met with Clinton?s top

aids requesting administration help to block the implementation of Proposition 209. “I want Justice to intervene with

a lawsuit,” Jackson stated (qtd. in FULWOOD and

BRODER). Jackson said he is unwilling to wait for the law to pass through the courts and he wants the federal

government to throw its influence behind supporters of affirmative action now. Jackson emphatically complimented

Clinton for repeatedly citing his opposition to Proposition 209 during his campaign. But now, Jackson believes

Clinton must do more than just speak up against the measure (FULWOOD and BRODER).

After California?s answer of yes to proposition 209, affirmative action opponents across the country plan to bring

the issue back to the table. Anti-affirmative action supporters now believe the vote on 209 will spur movement

toward their goal of terminating the policy in their states. Now holding the momentum, Republicans feel the passing

the of proposition 209 puts them back in the middle of the picture. According to David Jaye, a Republican State

Representative in Michigan, ?We can point to California now and we?ve got liberals on the defensive now, where

they?ve got to defend sexist and

racist programs.? His bill to end affirmative action in Michigan died last year, where he now plans to reintroduce it

(Verhovek).

California?s decision on 209 has sparked controversy as enemies against the measure plan to fight back and prevent

it from affecting their own state. Different from

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California, where Governor Pete Wilson strongly promoted proposition 209, the ?political dynamics? (Verhovek

A1) in other states may vary. For example, New York Governor

George A. Pataki has refused any calls that relate to affirmative action. Across the border in New Jersey, Governor

Christine Todd Whitman, also vows to defend the policy. She claims that ?government should set an example of

inclusiveness for others to follow? (qtd.

in Verhovek ). Governor Whitman also argues that affirmative action programs that take race and sex in to account

have been a great benefit to New Jersey. Proponents of affirmative action claim that that proposition 209 violates the

United States Constitution, under Amendment fourteen which contains the equal-protection clause. The general

feeling is that the same measure in other states may be too drastic.

In listening to the different ideas and opinions expressed concerning affirmative action and understanding the pros

and cons of the issue, I believe there is no loser in this debate. It?s an issue that will be debated for a long time

without a compromise. Each side since each side seems to be morally right, but I believe that before we can get over

the race barrier which still exists, we must eliminate special grants, preferences, or handouts that separate and make

us different.