Birkenau Essay, Research Paper

Birkenau

I did reasearch on Birkenau, a concentration camp used in the Holocaust also know as Auschwitz. I chose this particular topic because, I thought it would be interesting to learn about the concentration camps used in the Holocaust. The two sources i used for my presentation is an internet site and the encarta encloypedia. The Nazis established Auschwitz in April 1940 under the direction of Heinrich Himmler, chief of two Nazi organizations the Nazi guards known as the Schutzstaffel , and the secret police known as the Gestapo. The camp at Auschwitz

originally housed political prisoners from occupied Poland and from concentration camps within

Germany. Construction of nearby Birkenau (Brzenzinka), also known as Auschwitz II,

began in October 1941 and included a women’s section after August 1942. Birkenau had four gas

chambers, designed to resemble showers, and four crematoria, used to incinerate bodies.

Approximately 40 more satellite camps were established around Auschwitz. These were forced

labor camps and were known collectively as Auschwitz III. The first one was built at Monowitz and

held Poles who had been forcibly evacuated from their hometowns by the Nazis.

Prisoners were transported from all over Nazi-occupied Europe by rail, arriving at Auschwitz in

daily convoys. Arrivals at the complex were separated into three groups. One group went to the

gas chambers within a few hours; these people were sent to the Birkenau camp, where more than

20,000 people could be gassed and cremated each day. At Birkenau, the Nazis used a cyanide

gas called Zyklon-B, which was manufactured by a pest-control company. A second group of

prisoners were used as slave labor at industrial factories for such companies as I. G. Farben and

Krupp. At the Auschwitz complex 405,000 prisoners were recorded as laborers between 1940 and

1945. Of these about 340,000 perished through executions, beatings, starvation, and sickness.

Some prisoners survived through the help of German industrialist Oskar Schindler, who saved

about 1000 Polish Jews by diverting them from Auschwitz to work for him, first in his factory near

Krak?w and later at a factory in what is now the Czech Republic. A third group, mostly twins and

dwarfs, underwent medical experiments at the hands of doctors such as Josef Mengele, who was

also known as the ?Angel of Death.?

The camp was staffed partly by prisoners, some of whom were selected to be kapos (orderlies)

and sonderkommandos (workers at the crematoria). Members of these groups were killed

periodically. The kapos and sonderkommandos were supervised by members of the SS;

altogether 6000 SS members worked at Auschwitz.

By 1943 resistance organizations had developed in the camp. These organizations helped a few

prisoners escape; these escapees took with them news of exterminations, such as the killing of

hundreds of thousands of Jews transported from Hungary between May and July 1944. In October

1944 a group of sonderkommandos destroyed one of the gas chambers at Birkenau. They and

their accomplices, a group of women from the Monowitz labor camp, were all put to death.

When the Soviet army marched into Auschwitz to liberate the camp on January 27, 1945, they

found about 7600 survivors abandoned there. More than 58,000 prisoners had already been

evacuated by the Nazis and sent on a final death march to Germany.

In 1946 Poland founded a museum at the site of the Auschwitz concentration camp in

remembrance of its victims. By 1994, about 22 million visitors 700,000 annually had passed

through the iron gates that bear the motto Arbeit macht frei (work makes one free). What i found most interesting about Birkenau was how many prisoners they had in these concentration camps.