Untitled Essay, Research Paper

DREAMS Theories attempting to explain the origin and functions

of REM sleep include: (1) that

REM sleep provides stimulation for the development of the brain; (2) that

it performs a chemical

restoration function, since during REM dreaming neuro-protein synthesis occurs

along with the

restoration of other depleted brain chemicals; (3) that it provides oculomotor

(eye movement)

coordination, since during non-REM sleep the eyes move independently of each

other; (4) that it

provides a vigilance function, since REM sleep (stage I) is characterized

by a level of

consciousness close to the awakened state; (5) in a more recent and controversial

theory, REM

dreaming performs a neurological erasure function, eliminating extraneous

information build-up in

the memory system; and (6) that, in a more cognitive psychological explanation,

REM dreaming

enhances memory storage and reorganization.

Contrary to popular belief, dreaming is not caused by

eating certain foods before

bedtime, nor by environmental stimuli during sleeping. Dreaming is caused

by internal biological

process. Some researchers have proposed the activation-synthesis hypothesis.

Their

neurological research indicates that large brain cells in the primitive brain

stem spontaneously fire

about every 90 minutes, sending random stimuli to cortical areas of the BRAIN.

As a

consequence, memory, sensory, muscle-control, and cognitive areas of the

brain are randomly

stimulated, resulting in the higher cortical brain attempting to make some

sense of it. This,

according to the research, gives rise to the experience of a dream.

Now, as in the past, the most significant controversy centers on the question

of whether dreams

have intentional, or actual personal, meaning. Many psychotherapists maintain

that while the

neurological impulses from the brain stem may activate the dreaming process,

the content or

meaningful representations in dreams are caused by nonconscious needs, wishes,

desires, and

everyday concerns of the dreamer. Thus, such psychotherapists subscribe to

the

phenomenological-clinical, or “top-down,” explanation, which holds that dreams

are intentionally

meaningful messages from the unconscious. The neurological, or “bottom-up,”

explanation

maintains that dreams have no intentional meaning. In between these two positions

is an

approach called content analysis. Content analysis simply describes and

classifies the various

representations in dreams, such as people, houses, cars, trees, animals,

and color, though no

deep interpretation is attributed to the content. Differences in content

have been discovered

between the dreams of males and females, and between dreams and occurring

in different

developmental stages of life. What these differences mean is under

investigation.

Some recent research seems to indicate that dream content

reflects problems that the

dreamer experiences in life, and that the function of such dreams is to

facilitate the emotional

resolution of the problems. Numerous accounts exist of scientific problems

being resolved, and

literary works being developed in dreams after dreamers had consciously immersed

themselves in

a problem for an extended time.

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with logic and thought

processing during

dreaming, and how they are different from mental processes during the waking

state. In studies

of the developmental cognitive processes of children’s dreams, for instance,

it has been found

that the increasing complexity of children’s dreams parallel waking cognitive

development. Many

researchers believe that knowledge about dreaming is important for understanding

waking

imagination.&127;

Current and future research issues involve further

establishing and extending all of the

above areas. Anthropologists are studying cross-culture similarities and

differences in dreams.

Research into NIGHTMARES and bizarre dreams continues. In addition, REM research

is

important for understanding psychobiological abnormalities. Some findings

indicate that epileptic

seizures are suppressed during REM sleep. Narcoleptics, people who may

involuntarily fall asleep

at any time, enter REM sleep almost immediately. Research continues on the

variations in dream

recall. For instance, artists tend to recall more dreams than scientists,

and, for the population at

large, only a small percentage of dreams are recalled.

Lucid dreaming, the ability of dreamers to become aware of and to control

their dreams while

dreaming, is also the focus of some current research. Some lucid dreamers

can learn to

communicate with researchers through nonverbal signals. New research also

promises to yield

significant knowledge about memory, storage an retrieval, cognitive organization,

psychobiological processes,

human consciousness, and specific operations of the mind.