Mining Dictionary Essay, Research Paper

Dictionary

of

Mining Engineering

Nihat

Alpin

M?tevellio?lu

050990045

-A-

Adhesion : Holding surface together with an adhesive

Advance : The work of excavating as mining forward in an entry and in driving rooms; to extract all or part of an ore

Agglomeration : A concentration process based on the adhesion of pulp particles to water in ore benefaction

Alloy : A substance having metallic properties and being composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is an element of metal

Amalgamation : The production of an amalgam or alloy of mercury

Anemometer : An instrument to measure the velocity of air

Anomaly : A body, which is much different in geological and mineral content than the surrounding formations

Antimony: A trivalent and pentavalent metallic element which is rather soft usually in metallic silvery white, crystalline

Arches: A large building with a curved top over an opening, usually as a monument

-B-

Bagging : Flexible tubing for conducting compressed air, water, or steams usually constructed from canvas and rubber

Ball mill : Mill which has balls inside that are used to crush big minerals

Ballast : Broken limestone pieces to carry mine track within its side

Baryte : A sulphate of Barium

Bell conveyor : A moving belt that rides on rollers and used to carry coal or other materials to various locations

Bench : A long seat; a strong on which mechanics prepare their work

Bentonite : A montmorillonite type clay formed by the alteration of volcanic ash

Blasting : Break up and destroy

Blind shaft : A small shaft driven between two galleries

Blister copper : An impure intermediate product in the refilling of copper

Boundary : A line between areas of the earth?s surface occupied by rocks or formations of different type and different age

Brittle : A mineralogical term meaning not flexible and ductile

-C-

Cage : The cabin in the shaft to carry men, mine cars and materials

Cave : A hollow place in earth

Ceramic : A class of inorganic, non-metallic products which are subjected to a high temperature during manufacture or in use

Clay : A fine-grained, natural, earthy material composed primarily of hydrous aluminium silicates

Combustible : A substance that can be easily set on fire or that readily takes fire and burns

Communition : The breaking, crushing, or grinding of coal, ore, or rock

Conveying : Transporting by conveyors from the orebody to the shaft

Copper : A reddish metallic element in group IB of the periodic table

Crushing : To reduce ore or quartz by stamps, crushers or rolls

Cut-off tenor : The lowest tenor for mining

Cutting machine : A power-driven machine used to undercut or shear the coal to facilitate its removal from the face

Cyclone : Refers to the conical shapes apparatus used in dust collecting operations

-D-

Dam : A bank or mound raised to keep back

Debris : Rock fragments, sand, earth, and sometimes organic matter, in a heterogeneous mass, as at the foot of a cliff

Detonation : An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certain combustible bodies

Development : To open up a coal seam or orebody as by sinking shafts and driving drifts, as well as installing the equipment needed

Dewatering : Removing water by pumping, drainage, or evaporation

Dilution : Mixing of ore with other material lowering the tenor of the ore

Discipline : Employee discipline implies subjection to authority or instructions given by a mine official

Dragline : A type of excavating equipment which costs a rope-hung bucket, a considerable distance, collects the dug material by pulling the bucket toward itself on the ground with a second rope, elevates the bucket and dumps the material on a spoil bank, in a hopper, or on a pile

Drilling : The act of process of making a circular hole with a drill

Dump : Combination of all waste materials which are useless

Dust : Earth or other matter reduced to small particles which can easily be raised and carried by air

Dynamite : An industrial explosive which is detonated by blasting caps. Theprinciple explosive equipment is nitro-glycerine or specially sensitised ammonium nitrate

-E-

Earth : The solid matter of the globe in distinction from water and air; to the ground; the firm land of the earth?s surface

Efficiency : The ratio of work output to work input

Environment : The aggregate of all the surrounding conditions, influences, or force affecting a locus sedimentation

Excavation : Digging and removing soil

Explore : To search, develop or prospect

-F-

Fault : Breaking plane of a vein or seam

Fault line : The intersection of a fault surface or a fault plane with the surface of the earth or with any artificial surface of reference

Feldspar : One of a group of rock-farming minerals which includes microline, orthoclase, plagioclase and anorthoclase

Filtration : A process for separating solids from the liquid

Firedamp : Mixture of methane and air

Flint : A variety of quartz, a cryptocrystalline substance composed of silica

Flocculation : The gathering of suspended particles into aggregations

-G-

Gallery : An excavation carried from the shaft horizontally to reach the orebody

Gateway : A gallery driven horizontally to follow a seam or a vein

Geological reserve : An unknown reserve but the geological information indicating the possibility of such reserve

Grinding : Size reduction of ore and other materials into idatively fine particles

-H-

Hand picking : Manual removal of ore from the soil

Haulage : Transportation of cars and miners horizontally

Headframe : Steel or concrete tower to carry the hoisting forces

Helmet : A covering which protects the head

Hoisting : Lifting something upwards from the earth

Humidity : The quantity of moisture in the air

Hydraulic Transport : Transportation of ore from the working places to the processing plant in pipes

-I-

Inclination : The angular depth of vein, bed and etc.; measure in degree from the horizontal plane

Incline: A gallery driven from the surface downward to reach the orebody at an inclination of 10-30 degrees

Isomorphism : The name given the phenomenon where two ro more minerals which are very similar in their chemical properties, crystallize in class of the same system of symmetry

-J-

Jigs : Devices which separates coal from foreign substances by the help of density using water

Junctions : Combination; the act or operating of joining

-L-

Level : Galleries driven from the shaft at different elevation

Locomotive : A car with an engine usually used to carry mine cars from one place to another on tracks

-M-

Magnetic separator : A machine which is used to separate magnetic minerals found in nonmagnetic substances

Malleable : Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, for example gold, silver etc

Metal : The pure element of a mineral, mostly having special physical and electrical properties

Mine : Location and installation, from which ore is extracted and a saleable product is obtained

Mine car : A container holding the ore

Mineral : Any natural product having a chemical formula with proper physical characteristics

-O-

Ore : A mass of valuable minerals from which a saleable product can be obtained

Orebody : A solid with enormous mass of ore which looks like a big rock

Outburst : The name applied to violent evolution of firedamp from working fact

Overflow : To come out in big mass

-P-

Panning : Washing earth or crushed rock in a pan by agitation with water to obtain the particles of greatest specific gravity in it

Parachute : A safety device to keep the cage or skip in the shaft in case of rope breaking

Pelleziting : A method in which finely divided material is rolled in a drum or in an inclined disk so that theparticles cling together and roll up into small spherical pellets

Pillar : The area of coal or ore left to support thte overlying strata or hanging wall in a mine

Polymorphism : The property of presenting many forms, especially in crystallography the ability of certain substances to crystallize with different ratios without changing chemical properties

Possible reserve : An orebody determined in one dimension. Mostly depth

Potential reserve : A proven reserve but not economic under the prevailing conditions

Power plants : Buildings that are producing electrical power

Probable reverse : An orebody determined in two dimensions; length, width. The depth isn?t fully determined

Profit : The money earned when you subscribe lost money from total earnings

Proven reserve : A visible reserve on which the tonnage, tennor, mineralogical investigation have been compiled

Pulp density : The amount of valid in a pulp ranging from 10 to 25 percent by weight in flotation

-R-

Railroad : The road or steel bars which carry mine cars

Raise : A gallery driven upward to make connection with the upper level

Ramp : A gallery of small inclination in spiral form

Recovery : The percentage of the recovered metal versus the total metal content of the ore

Refrigeration : Cooling of air before it gets more hot

Regulator : A sliding door opening to regulate the amount of air

Reservoir : A natural underground container of liquids, such as all or water and gases

Retreating longwall : First driving haulage road and airways to the boundary of a track of coal and then mining it in a single face without pillars back and toward the shaft

Roadway : An underground platform

Rock : Naturally formed matter that is a part of the earth?s crust

Roof bolts : Long steel bolts driven into walls or roof of underground excavations to strengthen the pinning of rock strata

Rope : A bunch of steel wires wound to carry the cage and the skip

-S-

Seam : Bed of coal or other mineral generally applied to large deposits of coal

Selective mining : A method of mining whereby ore of unwarranted high value is mined in such manner as to make the low grade ore left in the mine incapable of future profitable extraction

Shaft : Excavation usually carried vertically to reach lowest position of orebody

Shaking table : A table which eliminate the reduction by their density

Shovel : An instrument used for lifting earth or other loose substances

Skip : A large container to carry the ore to the surface inside the shaft

Slime table : A table for the treatment of slime; a buddle

Slury : A suspension in a liquid especially water of a solid

Spraying : The application of enamel slip or glaze to surface by using spraygun

Stope : Place where ore production is made

Stowing : The material brought from the surface or from other part of the mine to replace the ore taken out

Stripping : An excavation with power shovels in which the coal seams are laid bore by stripping of the surface soil and rock strata

Strontium : A bivalent metallic element in group II of the periodic system

-T-

Tailings : The parts, or a part, of any incoherent or fluid material separated as refuse, or fluid material separated as refuse, or separately treated as inferior in quality

Tenor : The percentage of the valuable element in the reserve

Tie : Wooden or steel pieces on which the rails are placed

Tool grinder : One who grinds the cutting tools for stone working planers and clothes in stonework industry

Track : The system composed of rails, ties and ballast on which the mine car are rolled

-V-

Vein : A zone or belt of mineralised rock lying within boundaries clearly separating it from neighbouring rock

Ventilator : A mechanical apparatus for producing a current of air in

underground as a blowing or exhaust fan

Ventube : Flexible pipe which is used to convey the air blowing from a ventilator

Visible reserve : An orebody determined in all dimensions; depth, length, width, thickness

-W-

Wet cutting : A method of dust prevention in which water is delivered onto the moving cutter chain, through water pipes and is carried into the cut where it is intimately mixed with the cuttings

Wet drilling : Drill by using the pressure of water which is good for pretending dust

Winder : An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages up vertically in a mine shaft

Winding : Vertical transport through the shaft

Winze : A gallery driven downward to make connection to the lower level

? Sentences with the words used in the dictionary including mining & related terms ?

-A-

Adhesion : 1) Adhesion is the work of holding surface

2) In adhesion the effect is produced by forces between molecules

3) Shearing resistance between soil and another material under zero is called adhesion

Advance : 1) To advance galleries either drilling, blasting or mechanical excavation method can be used

2) Role of advancing is very important in order to reach orebody

3) Mechanical gallery advancing is the most effective way in long distanced galleries

Agglomeration : 1) Agglomeration is a kind of a concentration process

2) Agglomeration also refers to briquetting, nodulizing, sintering, etc.

3) Agglomeration is based on adhesion of pulp particles to water

Alloy : 1) An alloy may be a compound of the metals

2) An alloy may be a solid mixture of the metals

3) An alloy may be a heterogeneouse mixture

Amalgation : 1) Gold is treated with mercury in order to obtain amalgam on the surface

2) Amalgation process for gold is done to mix gold with mercury

3) The process by which mercury is alloyed with some other metal is called amalgation

Anemometer : 1) Speed of wind and other moving gases are measured using an anemometer

2) Anemometer consists of a small fan from 7.6 to 15.2 cm in diameter that is rotated by the air current

3) Anemometer is held in the mine airway for the exact number of minutes

Anomaly : 1) Drilling for economic mineral deposits might be conducted in the

area of a geophysical anomaly

2) In seismic usage anomaly is generally synonymous with subsurface structure

3) A crystallographic anomaly is the lack of agreement between the apparent external symmetry of a crystal and the observed optical properties

Antimony : 1) Antimony is extracted from ore by roasting the ore and reducing with carbon

2) Antimony expands on solidifying

3) Antimony can be found in element, oxide and sulphide forms

Arches : 1) Steel arches are used to support galleries

2) The steel arches are needed to carry forces applied by rocks

3) Supporting galleries with steel arches reduces the accident rate

-B-

Ball mill : 1) Ball mill is a type of a crusher which has balls inside

2) In order to crush big substances ball mills are used

3) Crushed particles of a given size range are placed in a ball mill

Ballast : 1) In railways ballast are used to support rails

2) Putting ballast under wooden ties is very important in rail laying

3) Broken rock pieces used in railways are called ballast

Baryte : 1) Natural barium oxide (BaSO4) is called baryte

2) Baryte is also used in medical industry in X-ray diagnosis

3) Baryte is usually found in a white crystalline powder form

Bell conveyor : 1) Bell conveyor is used in the transportation of materials inside mines & factories

2) Bell conveyors are the most efficient and cheapest way of transport

3) Bell conveyors work with an angle between 0-17 degrees

Bench : 1) Mechanics prepare their work on benches

2) Benhes are a type of seats which are strong and long

3) Place where mechanics prepare their work is called bench

Bentonite : 1) Bentonite is a clay called material similar to fuller?s earth

2) Bentonite is formed by the alternation of volcanic ash

3) Bentonite is used to absorb oil and grease

Blasting : 1) Blasting is a method used in advancing

2) In blasting method different types of explosives are used

3) ANFO ( Amonium nitrate 94% + Fuel 6% ) is often used in blasting

Blind shaft : 1) Blind shaft is a kind of a shaft

2) Blind shaft is used between two levels

3) By enlarging a vertical drillhole blind shaft can be made

Blister copper : 1) Blister copper is produced by blowing copper matte in a converter

2) Blistered copper ore is a reniform variety of chalcopyrite

3) The blister of copper are formed by gas escaping from within copper

Boundary : 1) Films of one constituent of an alloy surrounding the crystals of another are called boundary films

2) A map created for the purpose of delineating a boundary line and the adjacent territory are called boundary maps

3) A major fault with a considerable displacemen is called boundary

fault

Brittle : 1) The quality of a material that leads to crack propagation without appreciable plastic deformation is called brittle

2) Chloritoid, basic silicate of aluminum, iron, and magnesium are some of the micas having brittle laminae

3) A nonductile material that fails catastrophically under dynamic loading is called a brittle material

-C-

Cage : 1) Cages usually designed to take one or two cars per deck

2) There is a guide found to prevent cages from swinging and colliding

3) There is short prop or catch on which cage stands

Cave : 1) Collapse of the walls on root of a mine is called cave-in

2) A person whose hobby is to explore caves is a caver

3) A compact bended deposit of calcite or araginot ( cave marble ) can be found in caves

Ceramic : 1) Ceramic is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products that are subjected to a high temperature during manufacture or use

2) The work of ceramics is the pertaining to products or industries involving the use of clay or other silicates

Clay : 1) Kaolinite and china clay are good examples of clay

2) Clay is a calss of complex silicate

3) Clay seam or gauge found along the sides of veins are called clay

course

Combustible : 1) Combustible gasess form a layer under the roof of a mine roadway

2) Combustible gases in mines are very dangerous and need to taken out

3) Methane is an example of combustible gases

Communition : 1) To obtain proper material size for machinery is purpose of communition

2) To prepare material for marketing is a purpose of communition

3) To provide a certain degree of liberation is a purpose of communition

Conveying : 1) There are two types of conveying ; hydraulic, pneumatic conveying

2) Conveying is done by the help of compressed water or air

Copper : 1) Copper is used in steam boilers, eletric wire and in numerous alloys

2) Copper is the best conductor of electricity after silver

3) Copper is a free metal and unaffected by water or steam

Crushing : 1) In crushing process Roll, Cone, Impact and other cruchers are used

2) Crushing is a step in communition

3) Plant mills in mineral processing are also used in crushing

Cutting machine : 1) A machine powered by compressed air or electricity that drives a cutting chain or other device is called cutting machine

2) Coal-cutting machine that is an adaptation of a shortwall machine

3) An undercutting machine electrically driven cutting machine used to make a cut about 3.0 m deep near the bottom of a coalbed

Cyclone : 1) Cyclones are the conical shaped apparatus used in dust collecting operations and fine grinding applications

2) In principle, the cyclone varies the speed of air

3) There are two types of cyclones; wet, hydraulic cyclone

-D-

Dam : 1) Dam in needed to keep foul air or water, from mine workings

2) Dam can also isolate underground workings that are on fire

3) In a blast furnace the cast-iron plate supports the dam

Debris : 1) A dirt -filled bag used for pack walls and chocks is called debris bag

2) Debris consists of rock fragments, soil material, and sometimes organic matter

Detonation : 1) Simply detonation is an explosive decomposition or explosive combustion reaction

2) There is pressure produced in the reaction zone of a detonation

3) Devices are used prevent a detonation initiated

Development : 1) Development is an intermediate stage between exploration and mining

2) Work to reach orebody is termed as development

Dewatering : 1) The mechanical separation of a mixture of coal and water into two parts is a kind of dewatering

2) A settling tank for clarifying washer circulating water is used in dewatering

3) A screen is used in dewatering for the separation of water from solids

Dilution : 1) The contamination of ore with barren wall rock in stoping is called dilution

2) The mixture of ore other substances in which grade is lowered is

termed as dilution

Discipline : 1) An engineer must be well disciplined

2) The mining engineering is the most disciplined profession after the military

3) Discipline is needed in order to protect the orders given in working chain

Dragline : 1) A crane boom used with a drag bucket is dragline boom

2) An excavation system involving a dragline & other dragline equipments is called dragline dredge

3) Operator of a scraper loading machine, known as a dragline is called drag loader

Drilling : 1) Wet drilling is one of the methods used in dust remedy

2) The diamond, rotary, percussion drillings are usen in mining operations

3) The drill holes are source of information which give lithology, water conditions, samples

Dump : 1) Dump is the point where a face conveyor discharges its coal into mine cars

2) Trucks in surface mining and shuttle cars in underground mining is a type of dump equipment

3) A chain grabhook having a lever attachment for releasing it is used as a dumb equipment

Dust : 1) Dust level in a must be kept under 0.2 microns

2) To avoid from dust diseases workers must use masks

3) Spraying and suction machines can be helpful in order to protect workers from dust

Dynamite : 1) Compositions that contain significant amounts of nitroglycerin but aren?t detonable and considered to be dynamite

2) The basic ingredient of dynamite is nitroglycerin

3) Dynamite is the most known & used explosive

-E-

Efficiency : 1) The ratio of work output to work input is calculated by efficiency

engineers

2) The weight of material correctly placed above or below the reference size, expressed as a percentage of the weight of corresponding material in the feed is the efficiency of sizing

3) The efficieny of airway is which the combined capital and operating cost is minimal

Environment : 1) An evaluation of enviroment and conditions at a particular facility or site is called enviromental audit

2) An analysis of enviroment which may involve baseline environmental analyses and data gathered with regard to zoological, botanical, geologic, and economic factors

3) In mining sector enviroment & conditions play an important

role

Excavation : 1) Excavation includes digging, blasting, breaking, loading, and hauling, either at the surface or underground

2) The grab, skimmer, trencher, rotary digger, bucket wheel, and grader are variants of excavation machines

3) Cableway fitted with a bucket suitably designed for excavation

Explore : 1) Exploration is the first and main step of mining operations

2) Persons who works in exploring business is called prospectors

3) Exploration and evaluation process are related with each other

-F-

Fault : 1) In coal mining, a sudden thinning or disappearance of a coal seam is called fault

2) A fracture or a fracture zone in crustal rocks along which there has been displacement of the two sides relative to one another parallel to the fracture is named fault

3) Various descriptive names have been given to different kinds of faults

Fault line : 1) An escarpment that is the result of differential erosion along a fault line is scarp

2) Usually a straight valley follows the fault line

3) East face of the Sierra Nevada in California is na example of fault line scarp

Feldspar : 1) The general formula of feldspar is XY4 O8 where X can be Ba,Ca,K,Na,NH4 and Y can be Al,B,Si

2) Constituting 60% of the Earth’s crust, feldspar occurs in all rock types

3) There is a washbox to clean small coal, in which the pulsating water is made to pass through a layer of graded material such as feldspar

Filtration : 1) Filter loss and cake thickness constitute the determining factors of filtration qualities

2) The process of filtration is activated by suction or pressure, and commonly includes filter aids

3) The products of filtration are clear liquid and a filter cake

Firedamp : 1) A stone, brick, or concrete airtight stopping to isolate an underground fire is called firedamp

2) Firedamp play an important role in underground fire

3) Firedamp prevent the inflow of fresh air and the outflow of foul air

Flint : 1) Lots of devices, formerly used to provide light for miners at work using flint

2) A smooth, flint like refractory clay rock is named flint-clay

3) Dark gray or black variety of chert is known as flint

Flocculation : 1) Adding an electrolyte to suspension is the main step of flocculation

2) Agents of flocculation usually consist of long chain polymers, both natural and synthetic

3) The joining of soil colloids into a small group of soil particles, or the deposition or settling out of suspension of clay particles in salt water are examples of flocculation

-G-

Gallery : 1) Galleries are horizontal or nearly horizontal underground passages

2) A subsidiary passage in a cave at a higher level than the main passage can be called gallery

Gateway : 1) A road or way underground for air, water, or general passage is called gateway

2) Gateway is also called gate road, main brow, trail road

Grinding : 1) There are two types of grinding; wet, dry grinding

2) An additive (aid) to the charge in a ball mill or rod mill to accelerate the grinding process

3) There are three main types of grinding mills; ball, rod, and tube mills

-H-

Hand picking : 1) In hand picking method up to 30% of waste rock is removed

2) In hand picking method removal of wastes take lots of time

3) In some mines hand picking method is used to collect coal

Haulage : 1) In haulage cars are for surface or mine shaft operations and used to carry ore and equipment to and from the digging site

2) In the early days chains were used in haulage in and around mines

3) A worker fully employed on the haulage system in a mine is called haulage hand

Headframe : 1) Headframe is also called gallows frame, hoist frame, head stocks

2) Headframe includes all the raised structure around the shaft that is used for loading and unloading cages

3) Headframe is found at the top part of the shaft

Helmet : 1) There are lamps connected to helmets

2) Helmets are the main safety devices in mines

Hoisting : 1) The section of a mine shaft used for hoisting the mineral to the surface is called hoistling compartment

2) Winding in a mine is a kind of hoisting

3) The capacity of the hoisting mechanism on a drill machine in terms of kilograms, tons is named hoisting powder

Humidity : 1) The water-vapor content of the atmosphere is called humidity

2) Humidity can be expressed as the mass of water per unit and percentage, ratio

3) There are two types of humidity; absolute, relative humidity

Hydraulic Transport : 1) Hydraulic transport includes hydraulic hoisting

2) Long distance pipeline used for hydraulic transport of coal, gilsonite, copper concentrates and similar materials

3) Hydraulic transport is a continious tranport system

which is especially used in large coal mines

-I-

Inclination : 1) Inclinator is the instrument to determine the inclination of the magnetic field

2) As the maximum angle is approached in inclination, the rate of handling of bulk material is usually decreased

3)Declination and inclination are similar to each other

Incline: 1) An incline shaft sunk at an inclination from the vertical, usually following the dip of a lode

2) Plane, whether above or beneath the surface is incline ( slope)

Isomorphism : 1) Carbonate minerals of the aragonite group are good example of isomorphous minerals

2) Having similar crystalline form is called isomorphism

-J-

Jigs : 1) Self-acting inclined track used to lower filled coal tubs and raise empty is called jig brow

2) In jigs the difference in specific gravity, in a pulsating water medium are used

3) A pin is used in jigs to prevent the turning of the turn beams

Junctions : 1) In ventilation surveys, where three or more airways meet is called junction

2) The union of two lodes is a junction

3) Junction is the point where two or more passageways intersect horizontally or vertically

-L-

Level : 1) Levels are commonly spaced at regular depth intervals and are either numbered from the surface or designated by their elevation below the top of the shaft

2) In pitch mining, there may be a number of levels driven from the same shaft, each being known by its depth from the surface or by the name of the bed or seam in which it is driven

3) In speleology, a series of related passageways in a cave, occurring at the same relative, vertical position is called level

Locomotive : 1) The locomotive may be powered by battery, diesel,

compressed air

2) Locomotive are used to move empty and loaded mine cars in and out of the mine

-M-

Magnetic separator : 1) The crushed material is conveyed on a belt past a magnet and separated by magnetic separator

2) In magnetic separator the difference of magnetism of substances are used for separation

3) Magnetic separator is very important in the process of beneficiation of iron ore

Malleable : 1) Copper and gold are mallable minerals

2) Minerals are malleable when slices cut from them may be flattened out under a hammer

3) Mineral which can be plastically deformed under compressive stress is mallable

Metal : 1) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity

2) Metals are malleable and ductile, possesses high melting and boiling points, and tends to form positive ions in chemical compounds

Mine : 1) There are severel kinds of mines such as ore, metal, or coal

2) The term mine is applied to underground workings having a roof of undisturbed rock

3) The terms mine and coal mine are intended to signify any and all parts of the property of a mining plant, either on the surface or underground

Mine car : 1) There are six types of mine cars; The solid or box type, roller dump type, gable bottom car, the Grandy car, bottom dump car and end dump car

2) Mine cars are loaded at production points and hauled to the pit bottom or surface in a train by locomotives or other power

Mineral : 1) Any natural resource extracted from the earth for human use is called mineral

2) Ores, salts, coal, or petroleum are some examples of minerals

3) In flotation, valuable mineral constituents of ore as opposed to gangue minerals

-O-

Ore : 1) The term ores is sometimes applied collectively to opaque accessory minerals

2) Zone of rock rich in ore is called ore band

Orebody : 1) Values of ore body is found by evaluation process

2) Exploration is donr to locate orebody

Outburst : 1) The occurrence of outburst is violent and may overwhelm the workings and fill the entire district with gaseous mixtures

2) Floor burst is a type of outburst generally occurring in longwall faces and preceded by heavy weighting due to floor lift

Overflow : 1) A system fitted to a drag suction hopper dredge which disperses entrained gases from the overflow in a settling tank and discharges the degassed overflow below the surface is called antiturbitiy overflow system

-P-

Panning : 1) Panning is a technique of prospecting for heavy metals

2) In panning the lighter fractions are washed away, leaving the heavy metals behind

3) Panning process is for heavy metals such as gold, etc.

Parachute : 1) Parachute is a safety device used in shafts

2) In the case of rope breakage parachute reduces the velocity of fall

3) Parachutes can be installed to shafts

Pelleziting : 1) Pelletizing is a step in agglomeration process

Pillar : 1) Pillars are normally left permanently to support the surface or to keep old workings water tight

2) The area of the shaft pillar is considerably greater than the surface area requiring protection

3) Any large pillar entirely or relatively unbroken by roadways or airways that is left around a property to protect it against water is called barrier pillar

Polymorphism : 1) Polymorphism limited to two or three crystal classes is dimorphism or trimorphism

2) To crystallize in more than one crystal class is called polymorphism

3) Graphite, diamond, chaoite, and lonsdaleite are examples of polymorphious elements

Power plants : 1) Power plants produce energy for mine & other facilities

2) Any device or machine which converts energy into some form of useful power, such as mechanical or electric power is called power plant

Profit : 1) The ratio of profit is important in order to operate the mine

2) Simply profit is the money gained from a business

Pulp density : 1) Pulp density is used in mineral processing

2) Pulp density has a marked effect on the recovery and grade of concentrate

3) if 5 cm3 of pulp weighs 15 g, then the pulp density is 3 g/cm3

-R-

Railroad : 1) Usually railroads are used for transportation in mines

2) Mine cars are carried by railroad

3) Railroad is made of rails which form a track

Raise : 1) Raise climber is an equipment used in an opening

2) Excavating a shaft or steep tunnel upward is the process of raise

3) The connection of two level may be a winze or a raise

Ramp : 1) An incline connecting two levels in an open pit or underground mine is called ramp

2) Ramp is a portion of a thrust fault that cuts across formational contacts in a short distance

Recovery : 1) A plant designed for separating diamond particles from concentrate by various processes is a recovery plant

2) Recovery is a measure of mining or extraction efficiency.

3) Recovery is the percentage of valuable constituent derived from an ore

Refrigeration : 1) A surface plant to form the protective barrier of frozen ground in the freezing method of shaft sinking is called refrigeration plant

2) Refrigeration is in special application to mining, cooling of air before release in lowest levels of deep, hot mine

3) The process of absorption of heat from one location and its transfer to and rejection at another place is called refrigeration

Regulator : 1) Regulator is a ventilating device

2) Regulators are usually set in doors as adjustable, sliding partitions that can be varied to the desired opening

3) Where possible, regulators are located on the exhaust side of a split to minimize interference with traffic

Roadway : 1) Roadway is an underground drivage

2) Roadway is not steeply inclined

3) Roadway may form part of longwall or bord-and-pillar workings

Rock : 1) An aggregate of one or more minerals is called rock

2) Granite, shale, marble are examples of rock

3) In geology, the material that forms the essential part of the Earth’s solid crust is names as rock

Roof bolts : 1) Roof bolting consists of steel rods

2) A long steel bolt inserted into walls or roof of underground is called roof bolt

3) A steel plate, sometimes in combination with wooden headers or steel straps are used in roof bolts

Rope : 1) The rope should be inspected daily, weekly

2) The life of rope is maximum two years

3) In a rope there are six or more strands

-S-

Seam : 1) Seam is generally applied to large deposits of coal

2) A thin layer or stratum of rock separating two distinctive layers of different composition or greater magnitude is also called seam

3) A seam in a coalbed is at which the different layers of coal are easily separated

Selective mining : 1) The object of selective mining is to obtain a relatively high- grade mine product

2) In general, selective mining methods are applicable where the valuable sections of the deposit are rather large, comparatively few in number, and separated by relatively large volumes of waste

3) In coal mining, selective methods may be dictated by market demands and prices

Shaft : 1) A shaft is provided with a hoisting engine at the top for handling workers, rock, and supplies

2) Shaft may be used only in connection with pumping or ventilating operations

3) A specially armored cable of great mechanical strength is used in the shaft

Shaking table : 1) In shaking table lateral shaking motion is given by means of a small crank or an eccentric

2) Shaking table is shaken rapidly in a compounded to-and-fro motion by a vibrator

3) In ore dressing, flattish tables oscillated horizontally during separation of minerals fed onto shaking tables

Shovel : 1) Shovel is any bucket equipped machine used for digging and loading earthy or fragmented rock materials

2) There are two types of shovels, the square-point and the round-point

3) Shovels are available with either long or short handles

Skip : 1) The skip is mounted within a carrying framework

2) There is a bucket used for containing the material conveyed by a skip

3) Skip can also be adapted for personel riding

Slime table : 1) Slime table is used for the treatment of slime

2) Slime table is an equipment used in sliming

Spraying : 1) Spraying is a kind of remedy against dust

2) The spraying machine is mounted on wheels and operated by compressed air

3) Spraying may be used for limewashing

Stope : 1) A stope is the very antithesis of a shaft, tunnel, drift, winze, or other similar excavation in a mine

2) Stope, a room which is a wide working place in a flat mine

Stowing : 1) Stowing is a method of mining in which all the material of the vein is removed

2) In stowing the waste is packed into the space left by the working

Strontium : 1) Strontium is found as celestite (SrSO4 ) and strontianite (SrCO3 )

2) Strontium is majorly is used for color television picture

3 )Strontium is a silvery white, alkaline earth metal

-T-

Tailings : 1) Tailings are used in washing,concentration, treatment of ground ore

2) Tailings machine is for sifting the tailings

Tenor : 1) Tenor ( grade ) is a coal classification based on degree of purity

2) The relative quantity or the percentage of ore-mineral or metal content in an orebody is termes as tenor

3) Tenor is the classification of an ore according to the desired or worthless material in it or according to value

Tie : 1) Ties are one of the transverse supports to which railroad rails are fastened to keep them to line, gauge, and grade

2) Ties are made of either steel or wood

Track : 1) Track cable is a steel wire rope, usually a locked-coil rope that supports the wheels of mine cars

2) All railroad system and equipments in a mine is called track

-V-

Vein : 1) A mineral deposit, usually steeply inclined can be called vein

2) Also a narroy water way or a stream of water flowing in such a channel is a vein

Ventilator : 1) Ventilators are a mechanical apparatus for producing a current of air underground

2) Blowing or exhaust fan are some examples of ventilators

3) A small fan installed underground for ventilating coal faces or hard rock headings are called ventilation fans ( ventilators)

Ventube : 1) Ventubes are made of steel, fiberglass, or coated fabric with thin walls that can be easily connected

2) Ventubes are used in mine ventilation to lead air wherever it is needed

-W-

Wet cutting : 1) Wet cutting is a method of dust prevention

2) Wet cutting method is successful in seams up to1.22 m thick

3) In wet cutting water is delivered onto a moving cutter chain, through water pipes, and is carried into the cut where it is intimately mixed with the cuttings

Wet drilling : 1) Wet drilling is needed to allay dust and danger of pneumoconiosis

2) In rock drilling for blasting purposes, injection of water through a hollow drill is used and termes as wet drilling

Winder : 1) Winder brake is an appliance or piece of equipment capable of retarding or stopping cages in a shaft in an emergency

2) An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages up a vertical mine shaft is called winder

Winding : 1) The operation of hoisting coal, ore, miners, or materials in a shaft is called winding

2) The machinery and equipment used to lower and raise loads through a shaft are winding apparatus

Winze : 1) When one is standing at the top of a completed connection the opening is referred to as a winze

2) A vertical opening driven downward connecting two levels in a mine is called winze

3) Winze is a connection between two levels